这五个语法错误偶尔犯一下（语言学家说不要紧）

Hey, everyone.

大家好。

I"m Alex.

我是Alex。

Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on "5 English Grammar Myths".

感谢大家的收看，欢迎来到本课“5个英语语法神话”。

So, these are five things that, if you went to an English-speaking high school, college, university, elementary school - you probably heard at some point from an English teacher or someone else, or your friends who heard it from an English teacher.

这其实是5件事，如果你在一所讲英语的高中、学院、大学、小学—你可能会从英语老师、其他人或朋友那听说过。

So, today we are going to break down some of those things that you were told, and we will unlearn what you have learned.

那么，今天，我们会把你所学到的一些东西分解出来，让你忘记所学的东西。

So, let"s begin with number one.

开始来说第一个。

Never start a sentence with "But" or "And", or other coordinating conjunctions you can extend this to.

永远都不要用“但是”或“而且”作为句子的开头，也包括其它并列连词。

But why not?

为什么呢？

Or what?

那该用什么呢？

There are numerous examples in popular literature and even Holy Scripture where this rule is broken again and again and again.

在通俗文学中，甚至在“圣经”中，这条规则一次又一次地被打破的例子不胜枚举。

For example, in the story, The Emperor"s New Clothes by Hans C. A. (Christian Andersen):"But the emperor has nothing at all!"

例如，在Hans C.A.(安徒生)的“皇帝的新衣”这个故事中：“但是皇帝什么都没有！”

Here you have a story by Francis Bacon in Of Death: "And what are you reading, Miss?"And, here, in the King James Bible: "Injustice, poverty, slavery, ignorance - these may be cured by reform or revolution.

还有Francis Bacon在“死亡”中的故事：“小姐，你在读什么？”还有，在James国王的书中：“不公、贫穷、奴役、无知—这些问题都可以通过革新或革命来解决。

But men do not live only by fighting evils."So, as you can see, it is totally possible and it"s unrealistic to expect people, especially in conversation, not to start sentences with "But" or "And" sometimes.

但是人类并不仅仅靠着与邪恶斗争而生存。“你能看到，这是完全有可能的，这是不现实的，期望人们，特别是在谈话中，不用“但是”或“而且”作为句子的开头。

Okay?

懂了吗？

It"s a decent guideline for essay writing, but for speech, and for writing fiction and literature, it"s. . .

这是一个很好的写作指导方针，但是对于演讲，以及写小说和文学作品来说，这......

It just. . .

这基本上......

It just doesn"t happen.

就不会出现。

All right.

好啦。

Number two: Don"t end a sentence with a preposition.

第二个：不要用介词作为句子的结尾。

Now, a "preposition" is a word like: "at","on","in","for","by","with","against", and it shows a relationship of time or place between words.

介词就是：“在”、“为”、“由”、“与”，它能表达前后词语的时间或空间关系。

So, ideally, I think whoever came up with this myth thinks that, you know, you need another word after the preposition to show the relationship between the words.

所以，理想情况下，我认为无论是谁想出的这个神话，你懂的，你都需要在介词后面再加上一个词来表示词与词之间的关系。

For example: "I"m excited about your birthday party","I"m interested in music/video games", so you need something after that "in", you need something after that "about"; you can"t just leave it just dangling at the end of a sentence.

例如：“我对你的生日聚会很兴奋”，“我对音乐/电子游戏感兴趣”，所以在“在”之后加上其它的东西，在“关于”之后加上其它的东西；你不能就把这个介词仍在句子的尾巴。

Or can you?

你会这么做吗？

Let"s look at some sentences where we do this all the time.

来看一些我们经常会这样做的例句。

So: "There"s something I"d like to talk to you about." How about: "What kind of music do you listen to"?

如：“有点事我想跟你说。”还有：“你喜欢听什么类型的音乐”？

"To what kind of music do you listen?"- that"s ridiculous.

“你都听什么类型的音乐？”—这太扯了。

"What kind of music do you listen to"?

“你喜欢听什么类型的音乐”？

"Which school do you go to?"I think you can see, here, that: "This is a rule you should be cautious of", you should be wary of, and maybe this is a rule you shouldn"t care about.

“你在哪所学校上学？”你懂我要说什么吧，就是：“这是一条你应该注意的原则”，你应该重视，可能这是你没在乎过的原则。

So let"s continue to number three.

继续看第三个。

Double negatives are always wrong.

双重否定一般都是错的。

Now, I kind of agree and I"m on board with the idea that we need to be careful when we use double negatives;the problem is when we say that they are always wrong.

现在，我开始认可，而且我也赞同这样的观点：当我们使用双重否定时，我们需要小心；问题是我们总会用错。

Now, in this case, if you have a phrase, a sentence, like: "I don"t have nothing!"I agree;this is a bad sentence because it literally means: "I have something.

在这种情况下，如果你要说一个短语或一个句子，像这句：“我不是什么都没有！”我同意；其实这是一个很糟的句子，字面意思无非就是：我有点东西。

I don"t have nothing;I have something."So, if your meaning-your intended meaning-here, is that you have nothing, just say: "I have nothing."Okay?

我不是什么都没有；我有点东西。“如果你想表达的是，你什么都没有，你只需要说：“我一无所有。”懂了么？

In that case, I agree, double negatives - not cool.

这种情况下，我认为双重否定—并不酷。

However, you can use double negatives if you want to emphasize something, like: "I can"t not help people."So, imagine in. . .

但，如果你想要强调某件事时，你可以用双重否定，如：“我没法不帮助他人。”想象一下...

Maybe in a comic book, you have a superhero and they have these powers, and they need to help people, so they say: "I can"t not help;I must help." It really makes it that much stronger to have the double negative there.

也许在漫画书里，有这样一个超级英雄，他们有这样的能力，他们需要帮助别人，他们就会说：“我没法不帮助他；我必须要帮他。”在这用双重否定的确会加重语气。

"We couldn"t not pay attention." Maybe the talk was very captivating or maybe it was very loud, so you were forced to pay attention.

“我们没法不注意到。”也许是谈话很吸引人，也可能是声音很大，所以你不得不注意到它。

"We couldn"t not pay attention;we had to pay attention."Also, double negatives are very often used in pop culture, specifically pop music, like this song here: "Ain"t no sunshine when she"s gone", something.

“我们没法不注意到它；我们必须会注意到的。”还有，双重否定在流行文化中被经常使用，特别是在流行音乐中，比如这里的一首歌：“她离开的时候都没有了阳光”，诸如此类的东西。

Those are the only words I know, and I can"t even sing them very well, so I"m going to continue to number four.

这是我唯一知道的歌词，我甚至都唱不好，所以我得继续讲第四个了。

Never split infinitives - angry face.

永远不要拆分不定式—愤怒的小脸。

Now, for some reason, I guess people think that "to" plus base verb should always be together, and you cannot separate them because they"re a compound unit of language that just sticks.

出于某些原因，我猜测人们会认为“去”和基础动词应该永远在一起，你不能分开他们，因为他们是一个复合的语言单位，就像粘在一起似的。

However, here we have an example where you see this working in two ways.

但在这里我们有一个例子，从中你可以看到它在两方面的作用。

So: "I really wanted to help her!"So, we have "to" plus "help", this is the "to" infinitive that people say you should never split.

如：“我真的很想帮她！”如果我们用“去”加上“帮助”，这就是人们常说的你永远不应该分开“去”的不定式。

Let"s look at this sentence: "I wanted to really help her!"So, here you can see that the meaning of the sentence changes based on the fact that you moved the adverb really between "to" and "help", and it gives it an extra emphasis.

看下这个句子：“我真的很想帮助她！”那么，在这里，你可以看到句子意思的变化是基于这样一个事实：副词真的能在“去”和“帮助”之间移动，它赋予了一个额外的强调效果。

"I didn"t only want to help her;I wanted to really help her.

“我不仅想要帮助她；我真的很想帮她。

Legitimately help her."Okay?

合法地帮助她。”懂了吗？

I guess you could say: "I wanted to help her really", but it sounds kind of ridiculous.

我猜测你会说：“我想要帮助她，真的”，但这样听起来有点怪。

So, it works better if you put the adverb between "to" and the base verb.

因此，如果你把副词放在“去”和基本动词之间，效果会更好。

And, by the way, it is typically adverbs that people oppose when you"re splitting infinitives.

顺便说一句，当你拆分不定式时，人们通常会用副词替代。

So, here: "They plan to completely destroy the planet."Yes, you could say: "They plan to destroy the planet completely", but it also works: "They plan, not just to destroy it, but to completely destroy it."The emphasis right before "destroy" gives it an extra punch.

如：“他们计划彻底毁灭地球。”没错，你会说：“他们计划彻底毁灭地球”，但还可以说“他们计划的不仅仅是毁灭地球，而是彻底地摧毁它。”在“摧毁”前加上强调会更突显语气。

Next: "We need to carefully map out our strategy."Okay?

下一个：“我们需要仔细地制定出我们的战略。”懂了吗？

So: "We need to map out our strategy carefully", you can do that, too.

如：“我们需要仔细地制定出我们的战略”，也可以这样说。

But, again, that extra punch before the base verb: "We need to carefully map out our strategy."And finally, Star Trek fans: "The mission of the U. S. S. Enterprise is to boldly go where no one has gone before".

还有，在基础动词前的强调：“我们需要仔细地制定出我们的战略。”最后，星际迷航的粉丝们会说：“U.S.S.公司的使命是大胆地去以前没有人去过的地方。”

"to boldly go".

“勇往直前”。

Not just: "to go","to go boldly" - "to boldly go".

不只是：“向前”，“往前冲”—“向前冲”。

All right?

懂了吗？

So, we"ve done one, two, three, four - I guess that only leaves one.

我们已经讲完了一、二、三、四—我猜还剩一个。

Let"s go on to number five.

来讲一下第五个。

Never use the passive voice.

永远都不要使用被动语态。

Now, I get it - teachers don"t want to receive a bunch of essays where students write:"School was attended by me."Okay?

现在，我明白了—老师们不想收到一大堆学生写的文章，上面写着：“我在上学。”好吗？

Just say: "I attended school."Use the active form.

只说：“我在上学”。用主动形式。

However, there are some cases where the passive works, and it"s used in many contexts; you hear it on the news, you do see it in essays, and in some sentences it"s really one of the only things you can use in certain parts of the sentence.

但是，在某些情况下被动句也起作用，并且能在许多情况下使用；你在新闻上会看到，在论文里也会看到，在某些句子中，它确实是你在某些部分中唯一能用到的。

So, let"s look at some examples.

来看几个例子。

Here we have an active sentence and the passive equivalent.

这里我们有一个主动句和被动对等句。

So: "The earthquake toppled the Central Bank."Here, this is active; the earthquake is the actor so it is doing the action.

如：“地震摧毁了中央银行。”这是主动式；地震是主语，它在做动作。

"The earthquake toppled the Central Bank."You can do this in the passive, and you can read this in a newspaper or hear it on a news report, on TV, or on your laptop, or whatever screen you"re using.

“地震摧毁了中央银行。”你也可以说成被动式，你可以在报纸上读到，也可以在新闻报道、电视、笔记本电脑或任何你正在使用的屏幕上看到。

"The central bank was toppled by the earthquake." You often hear the passive used when people want to, you know, not make the deaths of people in a natural disaster seem as extreme, I guess.

“中央银行被地震摧毁了。”当人们不想让在自然灾害中的死亡的人看起来很极端的时候，你经常听到被动的用法，我认为。

I mean, you could say: "Yes,2,000 people were killed", but this is better than saying, like: "The gunman killed 2,000 people", which sounds very, very direct.

我的意思是，你可以说：“是的，有2000人遇难”，但这种说法要比下面的说法更好，如：“枪手杀死了2000人，”听上去太直接了。

The passive takes you away from the event itself a little bit.

被动式能让你有一点点远离该事件本身的作用。

We also have sentences, like: "Obama was elected in 2008."Yes, you could say: "The United States of America" or "The people elected Obama to be president in 2008."That"s a mouthful, but why not just say: "Obama was elected in 2008"?

还有这样的句子，如：“奥巴马于2008年当选总统。”是的，你可以说：“美国”或“在2008年民众选举奥巴马为总统。”真绕口，为什么不说：“奥巴马于2008年当选总统”呢？

"Pesos are used in Mexico."Fact.

“在墨西哥使用比索。”这是事实。

So, you can use the passive to talk about simple facts like this, about which currency is used in which countries.

你可以像这样，用被动式来陈述简单的事实，来说明哪个国家用哪种货币。

And: "She deserves to be promoted."Now, yes, you have "deserves" which is active.

还有：“她应该升职。”没错，你用了“应该”，这是主动式。

"She deserves".

“她应该”。

to be promoted", this is a passive construction.

升职”，这是被动式。

to be promoted, you know, in her company, by her employer".

升职，你就懂了，在她的公司让她的领导这样做”。

So, if you can say by who, by a person, by someone, by a body of people - you"re using the passive.

如果你用到被某人，由某人，由某一个人—你就是在使用被动式。

So: "She deserves to be promoted." What other way are you going to say this sentence?

如：“她应该被升职的。”这句话还能怎么表达？

All right?

懂了吗？

So, you know, generally it"s a decent guideline for fiction writers, you know: Use active writing, active writing, active writing.

一般来说，对于小说作家来说，这是一个很好的指导方针，你知道：该使用主动式写作，用主动式。

Your protagonists should be active protagonists, but there are several contexts that aren"t even mentioned here that you can use the passive voice in, and I just used a preposition at the end of a sentence.

你的主角应该是主语，但是有几个甚至连上下文都没有提到，你可以在句末使用被动语态，而我只是在句末使用了介词。

Yes.

没错。

Screw you, grammar people.

去你的吧，语法专家。

Yeah, okay.

太棒了。

So, that"s it - five grammar myths.

就这些了—5个语法神话。

I hope after this video you realize that: Yes, we have rules.

我希望在看完这段视频之后你会意识到：是的，我们是有规则的。

And I don"t like the word "rule", per se, because these were guidelines that were given to you by teachers in high school, and elementary school, college, university because they didn"t want to read terrible, terrible sentences that, you know, are possible when you don"t follow some of these rules.

我不喜欢“规则”这个词本身，因为这些是高中、小学、大学老师给你的指导方针，因为他们不想读到可怕的句子，当你不遵守这些规则的时候是有可能会发生的。

They don"t want to see: "I don"t got nothing."Okay?

他们不想看到：“我不是什么都没有。”懂了吗？

Like, that"s a terrible sentence if your meaning is:"I have something" or you"re trying to say you don"t have anything.

比如，如果你的意思是：“我有东西”或者你想说你什么都没有，那就是很糟糕的一句话。

Okay?

清楚了吗？

So, that makes sense to me.

这对我来说是有道理的。

But these are guidelines, and guidelines do have room to go off the path a little bit.

但这些是指导方针，指导方针确实有一点偏离正轨。

You have some flexibility.

你要灵活运用。

So, yes, try to follow the rules-"rules"-as best you can.

没错，尽力遵守规则—“规则”—尽你所能。

Think of them as guidelines - guidelines.

把它们当作指导方针—指导方针。

But know that you can go off the path a little bit, and that grammar isn"t always a fixed thing.

但要知道你可以稍微偏离一点，语法不总是一成不变的。

I will repeat that: Grammar isn"t always a fixed thing.

我要重复一点：语法不总是一成不变的。

If anyone tells you that, like: "This is the way it must be with prepositions, and double negatives, and you know, the passive voice", say: "Hey, examples A, B, C" or just direct them to this video, and say: "There"s this guy on YouTube named Alex, and he works for this website called engVid, and he said that your rules are just guidelines that I can break because sometimes it makes sense to break rules."All right?

如果有人告诉你，如：“这就是介词的用法，还有双重否定，还有被动语态”，如：“例句A、B，和C”，就直接让他们来看这段视频，并告诉他们说：“YouTube上这个家伙叫Alex，”他在这家叫engVid的网站工作，他说你的规则只是指导方针，我可以打破它，因为有时候打破后会更有意义。”对吧？

If you want to test your understanding of this material and you want to break some grammar rules, check out the quiz on www. engvid. com. Also, subscribe to my channel on YouTube, click that bell, and check me out on Facebook and Twitter.

如果你想测试你对这些材料的理解程度并且想打破一些语法规则，可以在www.engvid.com上做相关的测验。另外，在YouTube上订阅我的频道，点击那个铃铛，浏览我的Facebook和Twitter。

Also, don"t forget you can support what we do here on engVid by donating to the site if you feel so inclined.

还有，别忘了，如果你愿意，你可以通过向网站捐款来支持我们在engVid上所做的事情。

So, till next time, thank you for watching, thanks for clicking, and see you again soon.

下次见，感谢你的收看，再会。