外研版高中英语选择性必修第二册Unit4 Breaking（boundaries语法）

一、重点词汇

1. boundary ["band()r] n. 分界线；边界

The boundary of an area of land is a line in people’s imagination that separates it from other areas.

一块土地的边界是人们想象中的一条与其他地区分开的线。

2. statistic [st"tstk] n. （一项）统计数据

An important statistic is that 94 per cent of crime relates to property.

一个重要数据是94%的犯罪同财产有关。

3. assist ["sst] v. 协助，帮助

We are here to protect and assist the weak and infirm.

我们来这里保护和帮助病弱者。

4. tackle ["tk()l] v. 处理，对付（难题）

That depends on how you tackle the problem.

那取决于你如何处理这个问题。

5. vital ["vatl] adj. 极其重要的

Reading is of vital importance in language learning.

阅读在语言学习中至关重要。

6. specialist ["spe()lst] n. 专家

My doctor referred me to a specialist.

我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。

7. infectious [n"feks] adj. 传染性的

Laughter is one of the most infectious expressions of emotion.

笑是最具感染力的感情表达方式之一。

8. clinic ["klnk] n. 诊所；门诊部

He failed to keep his appointment at the clinic.

他未能按预约的时间去诊所。

9. disinfect [dsn"fekt] v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌

This is useful for bathrooms or any surface you desire to disinfect.

这可以用于浴室或你所希望来消毒的任何表面。

10. devotion [d"v()n] n. 奉献

Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time.

她全身心投入工作，几乎没有闲暇。

11. twin [twn] adj. 双胞胎的

People often confuse me and my twin sister.

人们常常把我和我的孪生妹妹搞错。

12. ward [wd] n. 病房

He worked as a nurse on the children"s ward.

他在儿科病房当护士。

13. mankind [mn"kand] n. 人类

His research is for the betterment of mankind.

他的研究是为了人类生活的改善。

14. realistic [r"lstk] adj.（目标、希望）能够实现的

I can commend it to him as a realistic course of action.

我可以把它作为一套可实现的行动方案推荐给他。

15. minority [m"nrti] n. 少数派；少数

Only a minority of young people play classical instruments.

只有少数年轻人弹奏古典乐器。

16. cast [kɑst] v. 选派（角色）

He has cast her as an ambitious lawyer in his latest movie.

他选定她在他最近的一部影片里扮演一名雄心勃勃的律师。

17. culture shock 文化冲击

It was a huge culture shock for me to go to America.

对我来说，去美国是巨大的文化震动。

18. joint [dnt] adj. 联合的，共同的

They issued a joint statement denying the charges.

他们发表联合声明否认指控。

19. harmonious [hɑ"mnis] adj. 和睦的，融洽的

A good and harmonious environment at home is necessary for a child to grow healthy.

良好和谐的家庭环境对孩子的健康成长至关重要。

20. rewarding [r"wd] adj. 值得做的，有意义的

Nursing can be a very rewarding career.

做护士是一个非常有意义的职业。

21. mount [mant] v. 走上，登上

The soldiers stood beside horses, waiting for the order to mount.

士兵们站在马的旁边，等待上马的命令。

22. civil ["siv()l] adj. 公民的，国民的

civil war 内战

The country has been ravaged by civil war.

这个国家被内战摧毁了。

23. civilian [s"vljn] adj. 平民的；百姓的

He left the army and returned to civilian life.

他从军队退了役，重新过上平民百姓的生活。

24. division [d"v()n] n. 分歧，分裂

A division has opened up between the two ministers over the issue.

两位部长在这个问题上出现了分歧。

25. bring forth 使产生，使出现

These efforts will surely bring forth good fruit.

这些努力必将产生良好的结果。

26. liberty ["lbti] n. 自由

He firmly believes liberty is inseparable from social justice.

他坚信自由与社会正义是不可分开的。

27. altogether [:lt"ɡe] adv. 完全

I am not altogether convinced by this argument.

我不完全信服这一论据。

28. nobly ["nbli] adv. 高尚地，崇高地

The point is, not how long you live, but how nobly you live.

关键在于你活得多么高尚，而不在于你活得多么长久。

29. in vain 白白地

My efforts were not in vain.

我的气力没有白费。

30. influential [nfl"en()l] adj. 有影响力的

He was one of the most influential performers of modern jazz.

他是最有影响力的现代爵士乐表演者之一。

31. communist ["kmjnst] adj. 共产主义的

In the following year he joined the Communist Party.

第二年他加入了共产党。

二、常用表达方式

1. It is an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to provide medical care to those

affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters or a lack of access to health care. 它是一个独立的非

营利组织，其使命是为那些受到冲突、流行病、灾难影响或缺乏医疗保障的人提供医疗服

务。

whose 引导定语从句，修饰先行词organization；affected by…是过去分词短语作后置定语，

修饰those。过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句： that are affected by conflict,

epidemics, disasters or a lack of access to health care, those 与 affect 是被动关系，故 affect

用过去分词形式。

① 过去分词作定语的意义

a. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动，如：fallen leaves 落

叶，the risen sun 升起的太阳；

b. 及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成。如：deeply moved people 深受感动的

人们，the broken glass 碎了的杯子，the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题。

② 过去分词作定语的位置

a. 单个的过去分词作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前。

The ground was covered with fallen leaves. 地上满是落叶。

b. 过去分词短语作定语时，常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。

I was instructed to carry out a plan supported by most people.

=I was instructed to carry out a plan which was supported by most people.

我被要求执行一个多数人支持的计划。

2. Read the journal of an MSF doctor and find out what problem he was involved in tackling. 阅

读无国界医生组织中一名医生的日记，找出他参与解决的问题。

be involved in 被卷入……中；参与，参加；专心于

be involved with 与……关系密切

involve sb. in (doing) sth. 让某人参与(做)某事

involve doing sth. 需要做某事

Running your own business usually involves working long hours.

自己经营企业往往要长时间工作。

tackle v. 处理，对付(难题)

tackle sth. 应对/处理/解决某事

tackle sb. about sth. 就某事与某人交涉，向某人提起（问题或困难情况）

The government is determined to tackle inflation. 政府决心解决通货膨胀问题。

I tackled him about the money he owed me. 我就他欠我钱的事与他进行了交涉。

3. But it is vital not to take any chances. 但极其重要的是不要冒险。

1) vital adj. 极其重要的

It is vital to do sth. 做某事很重要。

be vital to/for 对……(非常)重要

a vital role 重要作用

It is vital that…(should) do sth. ……是十分重要的。

Technology is vital for agricultural development. 技术对农业发展至关重要。

2) it 在此是一个形式主语，起先行引导作用，本身无词义，它所指代的是 not to take any

chances.

it 作形式主语

当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时，为保持句子平衡、避免主语太长而显得头重脚

轻，通常在句首使用形式主语 it，而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。

it 作为形式主语主要分为三种情况：

① 代表不定式，根据句子的谓语又可以分为四种类型：

a. “be+adj.+不定式”

It is difficult to translate the book. 翻译这本书很难。

b. “be+n.+不定式”

It was her duty to clean the room. 打扫房间是她的责任。

c. “be+介词短语+不定式”

It was against my principle to do that. 那样做违反了我的原则。

d. “及物动词+宾语+不定式”

It cost 150 yuan to buy the dress. 买那件外套花了150元。

② 代表动名词，一般以 “be+n.” 作谓语，也可以以 “be+ adj.” 作谓语。

It is no use doing that. 做这事没用。

It"s pleasant sitting here. 在这儿坐很舒服。

③ 代表从句，具体又可以分为四种类型：

a. “it+be+adj.+从句”

It is natural that she knows everything about it. 她知道关于它的一切事是很正常的。

b. “it+be+n.+从句”

It is a question how he did it. 他怎么做是个问题。

c. “it+动词的被动语态+从句”

It is not decided who will take over the company. 谁来接管公司还没决定。

d. “it+be/其他系动词+that 从句”

It may be/seems that he views the issue from a different perspective.

他似乎从不同的角度看待这个问题。

3) take any chances 冒任何风险

It is just not worth taking any chances. 这不值得冒险。

take a chance (=take one’s chances) 冒险；碰运气

by chance (=by accident) 偶然地，意外地

4. So, 20 health care workers from almost as many countries, comrades in arms, raise virtual

glasses to each other. 于是，20名来自几乎同样数量国家的医护人员，已是同一个战壕里

的战友，“举起杯子”相互庆祝。

comrade in arms 战友，肩并肩的同志

可以写成 comrade-in-arms,构成合成名词，其复数形式加在其所包含的主体词上，为

comrades-in-arms。

brothers in arms 战友

5. I knew I was putting my life at risk, but I thought, “If I don"t do it, who will?” 我知道我在拿

自己的生命冒险，但是我想，“如果我不做，那么谁会做呢？”

put... at risk 把……置于危险之中

These measures will put many small businesses at risk.

这些措施将使许多小企业处于危险之中。

拓展：

increase/reduce the risk of doing sth. 增加/减少做某事的风险

at risk 处境危险，受到威胁

at (the) risk of doing sth. 冒着做某事的危险

at all risks 无论冒什么危险

take/run the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事

Maybe I was taking the risk of never coming back home.

也许我是在冒着再也回不了家的危险。

6. Later, Emma introduced me to some of the others working for or alongside MSF... 后来，艾玛

向我介绍了其他一些为无国界医生组织工作或与该组织一起工作的人……

句中working...为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 others，相当于定语从句 that/who were

working for or alongside MSF, others 与 work 是主动关系，故 work 用现在分词形式。

现在分词短语作后置定语

① 现在分词作定语的位置

a. 单个的现在分词作定语，通常放在被修饰词之前。

an amusing story 一个可笑的故事

the laughing audience 大笑的观众

b. 现在分词短语作定语，常放在被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。

students wishing to go hiking=students who wish to go hiking想去徒步旅行的学生

② 现在分词作定语的形式

现在分词作定语有 doing 和 being done 两种 形式，一般不用 having done 形式作定

语。

③ 现在分词作定语的意义

doing 表示主动动作正在进行或现在（当时）的状态。being done 表示被动动作正在

进行。

7. Alfonso, a soft-spoken Argentinian doctor in his 50s, who had previously worked on Ebola

outbreaks in Sierra Leone and Guinea. 阿方索，一名50多岁、说话温和的阿根廷医生，此

前曾在塞拉利昂和几内亚爆发埃博拉疫情时参与工作。

work on 从事，致力于；努力提高；努力说服

work on sb. 努力说服某人

work on sth. 努力改善或完成某事（物）

He hasn’t said he’ll do it yet, but I’m working on him. 他还没说他会做这件事，不过我正在

设法说服他。

You need to work on your pronunciation a bit more. 你需要再加把劲改进发音。

8. With each person I met, I felt a growing sense of pride as part of this extraordinary team, whose

devotion to the cause shone from their eyes. 与每一个我遇到的人在一起，作为这个非凡团队的一员我感到越来越自豪， 他们的眼中闪烁着对这项事业的热爱。

devotion /d"v()n/ n. 奉献

one’s devotion to… 某人对……的热爱/奉献

Mothers’ devotion to children can hardly be calculated. 母亲对孩子的付出是难以估量的。

9. When we visited the ward the next morning, we were amazed to see that against all odds, both

boys were still alive. 第二天早上我们去看病房时，我们惊奇地发现，尽管困难重重，两个男孩都活了下来。

1) be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶

You will be amazed to learn this is not the case. 你们会惊奇地发现事情并不是这样的。

be amazed at/by... 对……感到惊讶

be amazed that... 对……感到惊讶

find sb./sth. amazing 觉得……了不起

to one"s amazement 令某人惊讶的是

in amazement 惊讶地

2) against all odds 尽管困难重重

Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.

尽管困难重重，他还是康复了。

courage against all odds 万夫莫敌的勇气

against all odds again 再次不顾一切

against all these odds 尽管困难重重

With courage and unwavering spirit against all odds to go forward dry, there must be a successful day. 以排除万难、坚定不移的勇气和精神向前干去，必有成功的一日。

10. In a few days, someone else will arrive to step into my shoes, and the tireless work that the

MSF members do in more than 70 countries and regions around the world will go on. 再过几

天，就会有人来接替我，无国界医生组织成员在全球70多个国家和地区所做的不懈努力

也会继续下去。

step into somebody’s shoes 接替某人

When he inherited the business, he had to step into his father"s shoes.

他继承了企业后，不得不接替他父亲的位置。

step into the shoes of sb. 步某人的后尘，接替某人的职位

in one’s shoes 处于某人的地位，处于某人的处境

put oneself in one’s shoes 设身处地为某人着想

11. In a world still facing so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to

create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity. 在一个仍然面临诸多问题的世界中，我们大家必须携手合作，构建一个和平繁荣的人类命运共同体。

facing so many problems是现在分词短语作定语，修饰world。it作形式主语，不定式to collaborate…是真正的主语；to create…是不定式作目的状语。with介词短语作定语。

12. We call on the people of all countries to work together to build a community with a shared

future for mankind... 我们呼吁，各国人民同心协力，构建人类命运共同体……

call on/upon 请求，要求，需求；号召，拜访

call on/upon sb. 拜访某人

call on/upon sb. to do sth. 号召某人做某事

call on/upon sth. 请求/要求/需求某物

I want to help Mum with the housework, call on a few friends, do some physical exercise and

read a few books during the summer vacation. 我想在暑假期间帮助妈妈做家务，拜访几个

朋友，做一些体育锻炼，读一些书。

13. Leading roles are more likely to be given to white actors. 主角更有可能是白人演员。

be likely to do sth. 有可能做某事

Who are most likely to be interested in the talk? 谁最有可能对演讲感兴趣？

Sb./Sth. is likely to do sth. ……很可能做某事。

It’s likely that… 很可能……

It’s more likely that… 更可能……

14. Asian American actors, in particular, still face problems. 特别是亚裔美国演员，仍然面临问

题。

in particular 尤其，特别（=particularly）

in particular 放在被修饰词之后，而particularly要放在被修饰词之前。

One agent recommended a house in particular. 一位经纪人特别推荐了一所房子。

be particular to 是……特有的

be particular about sth. 对……讲究/挑剔

15. But inclusiveness doesn"t mean that our cultures will merge into one another. Rather, it"s about

countries and people making a joint effort to come together to create a more harmonious and

understanding world, … 但包含并不意味着我们的文化会融合在一起。相反，它意味着国

家和人民共同努力，共同创造一个更加和谐和理解的世界，……

merge into 并入；结合

merge into/with sth. (使)合并，结合，并入

merge A with B 将A和B合并

His department will merge with mine. 他的部门将和我的合并。

joint adj. 联合的，共同点

make a joint effort to do sth. 共同努力以做某事

joint venture 合资企业

We should make a joint effort to fight against waste of water.

我们应该共同努力反对浪费水资源。

16. No wonder it isn’t a surprise to see... 怪不得看到……并不意外。

No wonder… 难怪……；……并不奇怪。

相当于 It is no wonder (that) …，此处用做状语。

wonder的其他用法:

It’s a wonder that… 令人惊奇的是……，it 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。

What a wonder! 多么令人惊异！/真想不到！

in wonder 惊讶地

wonder at/about 对……感到疑惑/奇怪

wonder +wh-从句

wonder +wh-词 +to do 对……感到奇怪；想知道……

wonder +if… 用于请求别人做某事或请求对方许可，语气委婉，if 引导宾语从句

She wonders if/whether she’ll ever be able to fulfill her ambition.

她想知道她能否实现自己的抱负。

17. The man was Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America and he was there in

memory of the soldiers who had died. 这个人就是亚伯拉罕·林肯，美利坚合众国总统，

他在那里是为了纪念死去的士兵。

in memory of 为了纪念……

in memory of sb. = to the memory of sb. 作为对某人的纪念，为了纪念某人

A concert was held in memory of the great musician. （人们）为纪念这位伟大的音乐家举

行了一场音乐会。

18. The worst battle lasted three days and took place at Gettysburg in 1863. The Union side won

but at a great cost…What was all this suffering for? 最惨烈的战斗持续了三天，发生在1863

年的葛底斯堡。联邦军队赢了，但付出了沉重的代价……这些痛苦是为了什么？

1) take place 发生，进行

不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态

A room inspection will take place and you will be responsible for payment for any damage or

missing items. 房间将进行检查，您将负责赔偿任何损坏或丢失的物品。

2) at a great cost 付出巨大代价

The battle was won at a great cost of life. 这场战斗的胜利是以生命为代价的。

拓展：at the cost of… =at the price of... 以……的价格/代价

at no extra cost 不必另外付费

at all cost(s) 不惜任何代价

at a higher cost 以更高的代价/成本

at no cost 免费，不花钱

3) suffer for 为……而受苦

suffer 为及物动词时直接跟宾语，与 pain 等抽象名词搭配，表示“受……之苦”。

suffer pain/a defeat/death/loss of respect 遭受痛苦/失败/死亡/侮辱

suffer为不及物动词时需接 from 再接宾语， 表示“因……受苦”，from 表原因。

suffer from a bad cold 患重感冒

suffer from a headache 头痛

suffer from the flood 遭受洪水

19. His speech gave them hope, belief and a reason to look to the future. …It was what the

soldiers had died for. 他的演讲给了他们希望、信念和展望未来的理由。……这就是士兵

们牺牲的原因。

1) look to 指望；展望；期待；留心

look to sb. for sth. 指望某人提供某物

look to sb. to do sth. 指望某人做某事

look to sth. 注意/留心某事（物）

We are looking to you to help us. 我们指望得到你的帮助。

2) die for 为……而献身；（口语）急需……

They were ready to die for their country. 他们做好了为祖国献身的准备。

拓展：die out（物种等）死亡；（风俗等）消失

die away（声音、光线、风等）逐渐减弱

die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息

die from/of 因……而死

be dying for/to do sth. 极想要某物/渴望做某事

20. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation,

conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 八十七

年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家。她孕育于自由之中，奉行人人生

来平等的信条。

1) bring forth 使产生，使出现

Her letter to the paper brought forth a flood of supportive comments.

她给报纸的信引起了如潮的支持意见。

bring forth new ideas 产生新想法

拓展：hold forth 长篇大论地讲；侃侃而谈

put forth 提出，发表，颁布

set forth (清晰而有条理地)阐述，陈述

He set forth the aims of his attempt. 他说明了他努力的目标。

2) dedicate to 致力于

dedicate...to 献身于；把（时间、精力等）用于(to是介词)

dedicate oneself to 专心致力于；赋予自己(to是介词)

He dedicated himself to academic work. 他专心致力于学术研究。

21. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so

conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. 现在我们正投身于一场伟大的内战，以考验

这个国家，或者任何一个孕育于自由和奉行人人生来平等信条的国家是否能够长久存在

下去。

1) engage in 参加，从事

engage in doing sth. 积极参与做某事

be engaged in 参加，参与

engage sb"s interest/attention 吸引某人的兴趣/注意力

engage sb. in conversation 开始与某人攀谈

engage sb. to do sth. 聘请某人做某事

engage sb. as sth. 请某人担任某职务

But only those animals that actively engage in learning get to keep the new cells.

然而，只有那些积极参与学习的动物才能保留住这些新细胞。

2) whether 引导的宾语从句

whether 意为“是否”，在本句中引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中不作成分，只起连接作

用，可替换为 if。

if 或 whether 引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。

① whether 或 if 不能和 that 或其他连词、副词同时使用，也不能省去。

(×) I don"t know that whether/if he will come here today.

(√) I don"t know whether/if he will come here today. 我不知道他今天是否会来。

② whether 或 if 引导宾语从句时，虽具有疑问意义，但从句语序应用陈述语序。

The old woman asked me whether/if I knew the way to the hospital.

老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。

③ whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从

句用现在时中的任一种时态；主句为一般过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。

I don’t know whether/if he has come here. 我不知道他是否来过这儿。

Tom asked whether/if I had read the book. 汤姆问我是否看过这本书。

只用 whether 不用 if 的几种情况：

a. 引导动词宾语从句表示“是否”时，二者可以互换，但引导介词宾语从句时，通

常用 whether。

b. 引导置于句首的主语从句、引导表语从句或引导同位语从句时用 whether。

Whether he will come is not known. 他是否来还不知道。

The question is whether we should go on with the work.

问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。

c. 其后与不定式 to do 连用时，用 whether。

He wondered whether to wait for them or (to) leave immediately.

他不知道是等他们还是马上离开。

d. 其后直接与 or not 连用时，用whether。

I’ll write to you whether or not I can come. 不管能不能来，我都将写信告诉你。

22. But in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow this

ground. 但是，从更高的意义上说，我们是不能奉献，不能圣化，也不能神化这片土地

的。

in a larger sense 从更大意义上说；从广泛意义上讲

In a larger sense, all subjects are vital to human progress.

从更高的意义上来说，对于人类进步来说，所有的学科都是重要的。

in a sense 在某种意义上

make sense 有意义，讲得通

make sense of 弄明白（后跟宾语）

in no sense决不（位于句首时，句子用倒装语序）

In no sense do I agree with this suggestion. 无论如何我都不赞同这个建议。

23. …—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. 我们在此下定最

大的决心，不让死者白白牺牲。

in vain 白白地；徒劳，无结果

search in vain for 搜寻……无果

in a vain attempt to do sth. 徒劳地做某事

Jeff searched in vain for Rosie in the next four days. 在接下来的四天里，杰夫寻找罗西无果。

24. Who would be responsible for carrying out this task? 谁将负责执行这项任务？

carry out 进行；实行，执行；贯彻

carry out an experiment 做实验

carry out one’s duty 履行某人的职责

carry out tests on the patient 对患者进行检查

carry out the crime 实施犯罪

carry out a promise/a plan/an order 把承诺/计划/命令付诸行动