专题：英语虚拟语气
专题：英语虚拟语气
目录
一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1. 什么是虚拟条件句
2. 虚拟条件句的种类及用法
3. 错综时间虚拟条件句
4. 省略if的条件句
5. 含蓄虚拟语气
二、 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
2. 主语从句中的虚拟语气
3. 表语从句中的虚拟语气
4. 同位语从句中的虚拟语气
三、 虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
四、虚拟语气的其他用法
1. 表示祝愿
2. It is (about/high) time that…句型
3. if only句型
语气和时态、语态一样，是动词的一种形式，表明说话者的目的和意图。英文中有四种语气：陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1. 什么是虚拟条件句
条件句有真实条件句和非真实（虚拟）条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，常用 if, unless, once, as/so long as, on condition that等引导。而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生：
*If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。（陈述语气）
*If we leave now, we can still catch the bus. 如果我们现在动身，还能赶上公共汽车。（陈述语气）
*I won"t go to the party unless they invite me. 除非他们邀请我，否则我不会参加这个聚会。（陈述语气）
*As long as you love it, you can keep it to yourself. 只要你喜欢，就可以自己留着。（陈述语气）
*If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。(虚拟语气，事实上我不是你)
*If the weather were fine now, we would have a picnic. 如果现在天气好的话，我们就会去野餐了。（虚拟语气，事实是现在天气不好）
2. 虚拟条件句的种类及用法
虚拟条件句有三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。
1) 与现在事实相反
若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式 (be通常用were)，主句谓语用 "should (would, could, might)+动词原形"：
*If I knew her number, I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(事实是我不知道)
2) 与过去事实相反
若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：
*If I"d left sooner, I"d have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(事实是我过去动身太迟了)
3) 与将来事实相反
若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语动词用过去式 (be通常用were) 主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”：
*If I asked him, I"m sure he would help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)
注：
①主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：
*If you tried again, you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。(would表结果)
*If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。(might表可能)
*If you tried again, you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力)
②对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气：
*If it should rain tomorrow, don"t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使语气）
*If I should see him, I"ll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。（直陈语气）
3. 错综时间虚拟条件句
所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：
*If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。
*You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。
4. 省略if的条件句
虚拟条件句中有were, had, should时，可以将if去掉，然后把were, had, should提到主语前面，形成部分倒装。
*If time were to go back / Were time to go back, I would work double hard. 如果时光能倒流，我会加倍努力。
*If I had worked hard / Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded. 如果我当时努力学习的话，我一定会成功的。
*If it should be fine tomorrow / Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing. 假如明天天气好，我们就去郊游了。
【经济学人|海洋的深重危机】Were all the planet"s water placed over the United States, it would form a column of liquid 132km tall. 如果将地球上所有的水都集中到美国国土之上，将形成一道132千米高的巨型水柱。
5. 含蓄虚拟语气
有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是用一些词或短语如without, but for, otherwise, or等或上文暗示来说明，这种句子叫含蓄虚拟语气。
*Without electricity（=If there were no electricity）, the world would be dark. 如果没有电，世界将会一片黑暗。
*But for your advice（=If it hadn"t been for your advice）, I wouldn"t have made such great progress. 如果但是不是你的建议，我不会取得这么大的进步。
*With favorable winds（=If we had had favorable winds）, we might have got their in two days. 如果当时顺风的话，我们两天就到那里了。
*It was snowing heavily, or we could have got there on time. 雪下得很大，否则我们就准时到那了。
*I was ill that day, otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet. 那天我病了，否则我会去参加运动会的。
二、 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
虚拟语气也可以出现在宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中。
1. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1) Wish后的宾语从句
A. 用一般过去时表示与现在相反的情况；B. 用过去完成时表示与过去相反的情况； C. 用would/could do表示与将来相反的情况。
*I wish I lived on the seashore. 我要是住在海滨就好了。
*I wish you had come to the wedding. 你要是来参加婚礼就好了。
*I wish I could walk on the moon some day. 我希望某天可以在月球上漫步。
2) would rather后的宾语从句
would rather后的从句经常：A. 用一般过去时表示与现在或将来相反的情况；B. 用过去完成时表示与过去相反的情况。
*I would rather you didn"t smoke. 我希望你不抽烟。
*I would rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿你对我讲真话。
*I"d rather you hadn"t let out the secret. 我真希望你没把这个秘密泄露出去。
3) 表示“建议、命令、要求、坚持做”等动词后的宾语从句
表示“建议、命令、要求、坚持做”等动词后的宾语从句谓语常用“（should+）动词原形”。英式英语中常用should，美式英语中常省略should，直接用动词原形。通常这样用的动词：insist, demand, desire, require, request, propose, suggest, advise, command, order, recommend等。
*I suggest you (should) have enough sleep. 我建议你睡足觉。
*My parents advise I (should) not watch too much TV. 我父母劝我不要看太多的电视。
*I recommend that everyone (should) attend the party. 我提议大家都参加这次聚会。
*The judge recommended that he serve 20 years in prison. 法官建议判他入狱服刑20年。
*We request Roger (should) sing another song. 我们要求罗杰再唱一首歌。
注：
1. 当suggest意为“表明，暗示”，从句中应用陈述语气。
*The smile on his face suggested that he agreed on this plan. 他脸上的微笑表明他同意这项计划。
2. ①insist表示坚持说应该做某事的时候用虚拟语气，也就是从句谓语是（should) do。
*He insisted that he should be treated fairly. 他坚持说自己应该被公平对待。
②insist表示坚持说已发生的事，强调的确是这样的，不用虚拟语气。
*The boy insisted that he hadn"t broken the window. 男孩坚持说他没打碎窗户。
2. 主语从句中的虚拟语气
it做形式主语的主语从句。
在以下三种结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。（需要特别记一下这些形容词）
1) It is/was important (necessary, appropriate, proper, essential, vital, right) that…
*It is important that we (should) think before we decide. 三思而后行是非常重要的。
*It is necessary that you (should) take plenty of exercise every day. 每天进行大量的锻炼是必要的。
*It is vital to your health that you (should) take this medicine. 吃这种药对你的身体健康很重要。
2) It is/was unnatural (unthinkable, strange, surprising, a surprise) that…
*It is strange that he (should) be so rude. 真奇怪，他竟然这么粗鲁。
*It is surprising that you (should) react so quickly. 你竟然反应这么快，真令人惊讶。
*It is unthinkable that you (should) make such a mistake. 你竟然犯这样的错误，真是不可思议。
3) It is/was suggested (requested, required, ordered, proposed, decided) that...
*It is suggested that parents (should) spend more time with their children. 建议父母多花点时间陪陪孩子。
*It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language and the IT course. 要求学生学一门外语和 IT 课程。
*It is proposed that the plan (should) be delayed. 有人建议应推迟这项计划。
3. 表语从句中的虚拟语气
1) as if, as though（都是“好像”的意思）引导的表语从句中的虚拟语气
as if, as though 引导的表语从句中，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
*It looks as if he were drunk. 他看上去好像喝醉了。
*The pencil seems as though it were broken when it is partly put in the water. 当把铅笔的一部分放入水中时，它看上去好像断了。
*The material feels as if it were cotton. 这种材料摸上去好像是棉质的。
注：
as if, as though也可引导表示事实或很可能是事实的从句。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 仿佛要下雨。（可能真的马上就要下雨）
It seems as if the boy has lost his way. 这个男孩好像迷路了。（男孩可能真迷路了）
2) 主语是表示“建议、要求、命令、主张”等意义的名词时
当句子的主语是表示“建议、要求、命令、主张”的名词，如suggestion, proposal, advice, demand, order, requirement, decision等 ，其后的表语从句谓语常用 “（should+）动词原形”结构。
*Our decision is that the meeting (should) be put off. 我们的决定是推迟会议。
*My suggestion is that we (should) walk home instead of taking a taxi. 我的建议时走着回去，不坐出租车。
*The requirement is that every student (should) donate one or two books. 要求每一位学生捐一至两本书。
4. 同位语从句中的虚拟语气
通常那些表示建议、命令、要求、安排、决定等的名词后跟同位语从句时，从句用虚拟语气"should+动词原形"的形式，而且经常会把should省略，例如：
The suggestion came from the boss that the new rule (should) be adopted. 老板建议采用新规则。
My girlfriend made the decision that she (should) go there by air. 我女朋友决定乘飞机去那儿。
The coach gave order that the test (should) be finished before 10:30. 教练命令测试必须在10:30前完成。
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我提议我们下周开个会。
三、 虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
1) 用于as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中
as if, as though 引导状语从句有时也可表示与事实相反的情况。一般从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
*He speaks English as if he had learned it in English-speaking countries. 他的英语讲得就像在英国的国家学过似的。
*They talked as if they had met before. 他们交谈着好像以前见过面似的。
2) 用于目的状语从句中（不常用）
引导这类目的状语从句的短语为in order that, so that, for fear that, in case, lest（免得；以免）等，从句中谓语常用“should（may, might, can, could, would等）+动词原形”，但最常用的是（should）+动词原形，should经常去掉。
*He raised his hand up so that he could be seen. 他高高地举起手以便人们能看见他。
*He left early in order that the children would not be alone in the house. 他早早地离开了以免孩子们单独待在家里。
*Bring some money in case you (should) use it later. 带一些钱，以备后用。
*He gripped his brother"s arm lest he (should) be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让暴民踩着。
四、虚拟语气的其他用法
1. 表示祝愿
在一些表示祝愿的话语中也可找到虚拟语气（多用动词原形）。
*Long live peace! 和平万岁！
*May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
*May you succeed! 助你成功！
2. It is (about/high) time that…句型
在这一句型后的从句中要使用虚拟语气。从句通常用一般过去时，或者“should+ 动词原形”形式做谓语。这里的should不可以省略。
*It is time we started off（=we should start off）. 我们该出发了。
*It is high time we had a rest（=we should have a rest）. 我们早该休息了。
*It is time that you made up your mind（=you should make up your mind）. 你早该下决心了。
*It is high time you got a job and set up home（=you should get a job and set up home）. 你早该找份工作安个家了。
3. if only句型
If only表示“要是……就好了”，其后虚拟语气的用法与wish后的用法相同。
*If only I were younger. 我要是年轻一些就好了。
*If only she would listen to me carefully. 但愿她能仔细听我讲话。
*If only I had written his phone number. 如果我记下他的电话就好了。