英语语法专题116：直接引语和间接引语知多少（赶紧学习）

本次英语语法专题我们学习“直接引语和间接引语”，具体内容如下：

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的话，两边用引号“”标出，叫作直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号，叫作间接引语。实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。直接引语转换为间接引语时，句子的结构、人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化。

一、人称的转化

人称的转换不是固定的，要符合逻辑，具体情况具体对待。

1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称

例句：He said,"Iam very happy."

→He said that hewas very happy.

他说他很开心。

2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称。

例句："Youshould not give up hope," my father told me.

→My father told me that Ishould not give up hope.

父亲告诉我不应该放弃希望。

3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称

例句：She said to her son,"I"ll check your homework tonight."

→She said to her son that shewould check his homework that night.

她对她的儿子说那天晚上会检查他的作业。

4）人称的转换包括人称代词、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词等

例句：He asked me,"Will yougo to the airport with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon ?"

→He asked me whether Iwould go to the airport with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

他问我那天下午是否和他去机场见他的一个朋友。

二、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时，主句如果是过去式，从句（即间接引语部分）在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：

如果主句为过去时态，则间接引语的时态一般应相应向前推一个时态。如下表所示：

例句："I amvery glad to visit your school,"she said.

→She said she wasvery glad to visit our school.

她说她非常高兴参观我们的学校。

例句：Tom said,"we are listeningto the classical music."

→Tom said that they were listeningto classical music.

汤姆说他们正在听古典音乐。

例句：Mother asked,"Haveyou finished your homework before you play video game ?"

→Mother asked me whether I had finishedmy homework before I played video game.

妈妈问我在打电子游戏之前是否已经完成了家庭作业。

例句：He asked the driver,"Where shallI get off to change to a No. 5 bus ?"

→He asked the driver where he would getoff to change to a No. 5 bus.

他问司机他应该在哪里下车换乘五路公交车。

例句："Why didn"tshe attend the chemical class ?" the teacher asked.

→The teacher asked why she hadn"t attendedthe chemical class.

老师问她为什么没上化学课。

例句：Tom said,"They were havinga basketball match this time yesterday.

→Tom said that they were havinga basketball match that time the day before.

汤姆说那天这个时间他们正在进行一场篮球赛。

例句：He said,"I haven"t heard from my parents these days."

→He said that he hadn"t heardfrom his parents those days.

他说那些天他没有收到父母的来信。

三、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无需改变的情况

1）主句是一般现在时，表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作

例句：He always says,"I am tired out."

→He always saysthat he is tired out.

他总说他很疲倦。

2）主句是将来时

例句：He willsay,"I will answer the letters for you."

→He willsay that he will answer the letters for me.

他说他将帮我回复这些来信。

3）直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语

例句：He said,"I wentto Beijing in 1994."

→He told us that he wentto Beijing in 1994.

他告诉我们他1994年去的北京。

4）直接引语中有以when，while引导的从句，表示过去的时间

例句：He said,"When I was a child,I usually played football after school."

→He said that when he was a child,he usually played football after school.

他说当他是个孩子的时候，他经常放学后踢足球。

5）直接引语是客观真理或自然现象

例句：Our teacher said to us,"The earth travelsaround the sun."

→Our teacher told us that the earth travelsaround the sun.

老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。

6）直接引语是谚语、格言

例句：He said,"Good medicine tastesbitter to the mouth,but is good for a disease."

→He said that good medicine tastesbitter to the mouth,but is good for a disease.

他说良药苦口利于病。

7）直接引语中有情态动词should，would，could，might，must，ought to，need

例句：The doctor said,"You"d better drinkplenty of water."

→The doctor said I"d better drinkplenty of water.

医生说我最好多喝开水。

例句：He said,"She must bea doctor."

→He said that she must bea doctor.

他说她一定是个医生。

例句：He said,"She ought to have arrivedat her office by now."

→He said that she ought to have arrivedat her office by then.

他说她那时应该已经到她办公室了。

例句：The manager said,"You needn"t handin your reports today."

→The manager said that we needn"t handin your reports that day.

经理说我们没必要交上我们的报告。

注意！转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改成there，动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述，yesterday、tomorrow、this afternoon等均不必改变。

例句：Teacher:You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student:What did the teacher say,Monitor?

Monitor:He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

四、时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化

指示代词、时间状语、方向性动词及情态动词的变化如下表所示：

五、各种句式的变化

1）陈述句

用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的said，也可用told代替。注意：可以说said that，said to sb. that，不可直接说told that。主句中的谓语动词还可常用repeat、whisper、answer、reply、explain、announce、declare、think等。

例句：He said,"I have been to the Palace Museum."

→He said to us thathe had been to the Palace Museum.

他对我们说他已经去过故宫了。

例句：The teacher said,"I"ll give you an examination next Monday."

→The teacher told us thathe would give us an examination the next Monday.

老师告诉我们说下周一他将给我们进行一次考试。

例句：He said,"I"m late because of the bad weather."

→He explained to us thathe was late because of the bad weather.

他对我们解释说他迟到的原因是天气不好。

2）疑问句

①一般疑问句或反问疑问句

间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。

例句：He said,"Do you have any difficulty with your writing?"

→He asked (me) whether/ifI had any difficulty with my writing.

他问我在写作方面是否有困难。

例句：He said,"You are interested in basketball,aren"t you?"

→He asked whether/ifI was interested in basketball.

他问我对篮球是否感兴趣。

②选择疑问句

间接引语用whether...or...表达，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...。

例句：He asked,"Do you speak English orFrench?"

→He asked me whetherI spoke English or French.

他问我说英语还是法语。

例句：I asked,"Will you take a bus ortake a train?"

→I asked him whetherhe would take a bus or take a train.

我问他是乘公共汽车还是乘火车。

③特殊疑问句

改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask （sb.）来表达，语序为陈述句语序。

例句：He asked,"Where are you from?"

→He asked (me) where I was from.

他问我来自什么地方。

例句：He asked,"How many airports have been built in your country?"

→He asked us how many airports had been builtin our country.

他问我们在我们国家已经建了多少机场。

④含有请求、建议的疑问句

可用ask sb. To do sth. / suggest doing / advise sb. to do sth.等形式转述。

例句："Would you mind closing the window?" he asked.

→He asked me to closethe window.

他让我关上窗户。

例句："Why not going out for a walk?" he asked us.

→He advised us to go out for a walk.

他建议我们出去散步。

3）祈使句

改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask、advise、tell、warn、order、request等，如ask sb. to do（由肯定祈使句转变），ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。

例句：He said,"Stand up,please."

→He asked us to standup.

他让我们站起来。

例句："Do be careful with your handwriting." He said.

→He told me to becareful with my handwriting.

他让我写字认真点。

例句："Never come here again!" the officer said to the villagers.

→The officer ordered the villagers never to gothere again.

这名官员命令这些村民永远别再去那儿。

例句："Don"t touch anything in the lab without permission," the teacher said.

→The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

这位老师警告学生们未经允许不要触摸实验室里的任何东西。

含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等动词转述。

例句：He said,"Let"s have a rest."

→He suggested our/us having a rest.

他建议我们休息一下。

例句：He said,"Let me help you."

→He offered to help me.

他主动提出帮我。

4）感叹句

变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。

例句：She said,"What a lovely girl she is!"

→She said what a lovely girl she was.

或She said that she was a lovely girl.

她说多可爱的小姑娘啊！

以上就是“直接引语和间接引语”的内容，咱们一定要结合例句学习句法和语法，这样更容易理解和实操英语！

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