英语中的句子类型之复合句
复合句
一名词性从句
1. 宾语从句
用在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句，即在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词、形容词之后都可以带有宾语从句。宾语从句通常由连词that（在句中可省略）和whether (if)、连接代词（who, whoever, whom, whose, what, whatever, which, whichever）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）来引导：
例I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我真的感觉她正在犯错误。
I am glad that you can join us. 很高兴你能加入我们。（形容词的宾语从句）
Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。
I don’t know who you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
Please tell me which you like. 请告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
I’ll do whatever I can do. 我将做我所能做的任何事。
I asked how he was getting on. 我问他情况怎样。
She has got what she wanted. 她想要的东西得到了。
拓在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。
I don’t think the film is interesting. 我觉得这部电影没有什么意思。
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。
2. 主语从句
用主语从句，即在复合句中充当主语成分的句子，通常由从属连词（that和whether）、连接代词（who, whoever, whom, whose, what, whatever, which, whichever）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）来引导。
例That the boy is still alive during the earthquake is a wonder. 地震中男孩还活着，真是个奇迹。
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 它是否对我们有害还要看一看。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
It is true that the man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家，这是真的。
It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 她是什么意思不是很清楚。
What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。
拓whether（意为“是否”） 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if（意为“是否”）只能引导宾语从句，不能引导主语从句；whether 后面可以加or not，而if不能与or not连用；作介词宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter.=It doesn’t matter whether I knew John or not. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。
3. 同位语从句
用同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明，常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that，有时也用when, where 等疑问词。
例The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你不动脑筋就能做好这项工作的想法是十分错误的。
They have no idea at all where he has gone. 他们根本不知道他去哪儿了。
There is no doubt that he is an excellent actor. 毫无疑问，他是一名优秀的演员。
拓在某些名词（如wish, suggestion）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。
They expressed the wish that she accept this advice. 他们表示希望她接受这个建议。
Tom made a suggestion that we take a walk after supper. 汤姆建议我们晚饭后去散步。
注同位语从句的that只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，且不能省略。
4. 表语从句
用表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。表语从句常用的引导词有that, who, which, why, how, when, what, because, as if, as等。从句中要用陈述语序。
例That’s why I have come here. 那就是我来这儿的原因。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What surprised me was that the foreigner spoke Chinese so well. 使我感到吃惊的是这个老外汉语讲得那么好。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她。
It’s just because he doesn’t know her. 这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。
It looked as if it was going to rain. 天看上去要下雨了。
二定语从句
定语从句是指在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词，或者修饰整个句子的从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，位于从句之前。定语从句由that, which, who, whose, whom等关系代词和关系副词when, where, why引导。
1. 限制性定语从句
例She is the girl who got the first prize. 她就是那个得了一等奖的女孩。
This is the dictionary which Mum gave me for my birthday. 这本字典是母亲送给我的生日礼物。
Even teachers can’t understand some expressions that their students use in daily life. 甚至老师们都不懂他们的学生在日常生活中所使用的一些表达。
The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天来我们学校参观的那个外国人来自加拿大。
The girl (who/whom) we met yesterday is Li Lei’s sister. 昨天我们碰到的那个女孩是李雷的妹妹。
The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now. 护士们正在照料的那位老人目前身体非常好。
The city that she lives in is very far away. 她所居住的城市非常遥远。
The boss in whose company my father works is a very kind person. 我父亲工作的那个公司的老板是一个非常和善的人。
2. 非限制性定语从句
用非限制性定语从句与主句关系不如限制性定语从句那么密切，是一种松散的关系，属于对先行词进行补充说明性的内容，即使去掉，也不会影响主句的意思。非限制性定语从句的引导词通常有as, which等。
例As we have known, he is a good student. 众所周知，他是个很好的学生。
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming. 他是个教授，那是我一直期盼的职业。
3. 定语从句只能用that，而不能用which引导的情况
1 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。
例This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我所看过的最有趣的书。
2 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。
例The second foreign country that I expect to visit is Greek. 我希望去旅游的第二个国家是希腊。
3 先行词是不定代词时，如all, few, little, much, anything, nothing, something等。
例That’s all that I have known. 那就是我所了解的一切。
4 先行词既有人又有物时。
例Do you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 你记得我们学过的那个科学家和他的理论吗？
5 先行词被the only, the very, the right, the same, no, one of 等修饰时。
例He is the only person that I want to talk to. 他是我唯一想与之说话的人。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这就是我想要买的那本字典。
6 由which, who, whom引导的问句中，为避免重复，常用that引导定语从句。
例Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那里的那个人是谁？
三状语从句
状语从句指句子用作状语，起副词的作用。它可以修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词或整个句子。根据其作用可以将状语从句细分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句等。状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
1. 时间状语从句
用在句中相当于时间状语的从句叫时间状语从句，常由as soon as, when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until, every time, each time, next time等引导。
1 在由since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时
例He has worked in that company since he graduated from Beijing University. 他从北大毕业以来就一直在那家公司工作。
辨“It is (has been)+时间+since+非延续性动词的过去时”表示“自从某动作发生以来已经多长时间了”；“It is (has been)+时间+since+延续性动词的过去时”则表示“自从某动作结束以来已经多长时间了”。如：
It is/has been four years since I came here. 我来到这里已经4年了。
It is/has been four years since I lived here. 我不在这里住已经4年了。
2 When/While/As +从句，+主句（when表示“当……的时候”；while表示“在……的过程中”；as多表示“随着；一边”；when既可以和延续性动词连用也可以和非延续性动词连用，而while和as只能与延续性动词连用）
例I met Jack when/as/while I was walking along the street. 当我沿街散步时我碰见了杰克。（主句表示短暂动作，从句表示一段时间，此时when, as, while可以通用）
It was snowing when we got to the airport. 当我们到达机场时，天正下着雪。（不能用while和as）
As time went on, the weather got worse. 随着时间的推移，天气变得更糟糕了。
He sang as he walked along. 他边走边唱。
3 主句+after/before+从句
例Did Tom leave a message before he left? 汤姆走之前留下什么消息了吗？
We went home after we had finished the work. 我们做完工作就回家了。
4 (not) until句型：主语+肯定谓语（延续性动词）+until+从句（或时间）；主语+否定谓语（非延续性动词）+until+从句
例I worked until he came back. 我一直工作到他回来。
She won’t go to bed until her father returns. 直到父亲回来她才肯睡觉。
5 As soon as/Immediately/Directly/Instantly/The moment/The instant/The minute+从句+主句，表示“一……就……”
例As soon as he saw me, he smiled. 他一看见我就笑了。
Mom gave me a big hug immediately I got home. 我一到家，妈妈就给了我一个大大的拥抱。
The moment I closed my eyes, I fell asleep. 一合上眼睛，我就睡着了。
6 No sooner+had+主语+done...than+主语+did
例No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you. 我一到北京就给你打电话了。
7 Hardly+had+主语+done...when/before+主语+did
例Hardly had she had supper when she went out. 她一吃完晚饭就出去了。
8 By the time+从句+主句（注意时态的变化）
例By the time you came back, I had finished this book. 在你回来的时候，我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come back, I will have finished this book. 等你回来时，我已经把这本书写完了。
9 each/every time+从句，+主句（相当于whenever 或no matter when引导的从句，从句也可放在主句之后）
例Each time he comes to Qingdao, he will drop in on me. 每当他来青岛，他都顺便来看看我。
10 主语+be about to do sth./be going to do sth. when...（意为“正要做某事时，另外一件事情发生了”，有意想不到的意味）
例I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要离开的时候，电话铃声响了。
2. 地点状语从句
用在句中相当于地点状语的从句叫地点状语从句，引导地点状语从句的常用连词有where, wherever等。
例Make marks where you have questions. 在你有疑问的地方作出标记。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. 无论你去哪里，无论你做什么，我都会在这里等你。
3. 原因状语从句
用在句中相当于原因状语的从句叫原因状语从句，引导原因状语从句的常用词有because, as, since, for, in case等。
例Roman was absent from school because he was ill. 罗曼病了，所以他没有上学。
As Parker was in a hurry, he left this bag home. 由于派克太匆忙才把包丢家里了。
Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him. 既然每个人都会犯错误，你不该总是批评他。
I will take my raincoat in case it rains. 我要把雨衣带上以防下雨。
4. 目的状语从句
用在句中相当于目的状语的从句叫目的状语从句，常用in order that, so that引导，意为“为了，以致，以便”。
例The teacher spoke very slowly in order that we all could follow. 老师讲话很慢，以便我们大家都能跟上。
We’ll sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear more clearly. 我们会坐在大厅的前面，以便听得更清楚。
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus. 我起得很早，以便能赶上最早的那趟巴士。
5. 结果状语从句
用在句中相当于结果状语的从句叫结果状语从句，常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有so that, so...that..., such...that...等。
例Miss Gao is so kind that we all respect her. 高老师很和蔼，以至于我们都很尊敬她。
This was such fine music that it was worth listening twice. 这音乐太好了，值得听两遍。
It was very cold, so that the river froze. 天气很冷，因此河水结冰了。
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again. 这本书十分有趣，以至于我想再读一遍。
He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher. 他进步很快，以至于老师表扬了他。
拓such was+主语+that+从句（完全倒装句）
Such was the force of the earthquake that all the windows were broken. 地震力这么大，所有的窗户都被震碎了。
6. 条件状语从句
用在句中相当于条件状语的从句叫条件状语从句，常用来引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless, as/so long as, once等。
例If you correct all your mistakes, your work is nice. 如果你能把所有的错误改正，你的工作就很出色。
As long as you promise to go, I’ll surely go. 只要你答应去，我当然去。
Once you begin, you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来。
You cannot succeed unless you work hard. 你只有努力才会成功。
If necessary, I will do it. 如果有必要的话，我来做此事。
拓由if引导的条件状语从句，不管主句是用一般将来时还是一般现在时，或当主句是祈使句时，从句都用一般现在时；主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时。
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go hiking. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去徒步旅行。
7. 让步状语从句
用在句中相当于让步状语的从句叫让步状语从句，常用的引导词有though, although, even though, even if, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however等。
例Although/Though Toby works very hard, (yet) he makes little progress. 尽管托比很努力，但仍然没有取得多少进步。
Even though/if you say so, I do not believe it. 即使你这么说，我也不信。
Whatever you do, you should do it well. 不管做什么事，都要做好。
No matter what you do, you must do it well. 无论你做什么，一定要做好。
8. 比较状语从句
用用来进行比较的状语从句叫比较状语从句，常用来引导比较状语从句的连词有as...as..., not as/so...as..., than等。
例Carol speaks English as well as you do. 卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好。
He does not run so fast as his brother. 他不如他弟弟跑得快。
Jack was more successful than we had expected. 杰克比我们想象的要成功得多。
9. 方式状语从句
用在句中用作方式状语的从句叫方式状语从句，常用来引导方式状语从句的连词有as, as if, as though等。
例It looks as if/as though it is going to rain. 看来要下雨了。
You should do as your teacher tells you. 你应当按老师告诉你的去做。
EXERCISE
01. —Excuse me. Do you know ______ to buy some apples?
—Sure, there’s a supermarket next to the bank.
A. where I can go
B. who will help me
C. what I should take
D. when is the right time
02. —I’m afraid I can’t remember ______.
—In Chouzhou Park, I think.
A. when did I first meet you
B. when I first met you
C. where did I first meet you
D. where I first met you
03. —Could you tell me ______? I’d like to take part in it.
—On July 5th.
A. when will the fashion show be held
B. when the fashion show will be held
C. where will the fashion show be held
D. where the fashion show will be held
04. —After the exam, we’ll have a long vacation.
—Yes, but I haven’t planned ______.
A. what I will do
B. what will I do
C. when I will do it
D. when will I do it
05. John is the boy ______ legs were badly injured in the accident.
A. whose
B. that
C. who
D. which
06. ______ the 632-meter Shanghai Tower is finished, it will be the second tallest building in the world.
A. When
B. Since
C. Before
D. Unless
07. —Do you know ______ Amy came to school this morning?
—Her bike was broken, so she had to walk.
A. why
B. how
C. when
D. where
08. A true friend can see the pain in your eyes ______ everyone else believes the smile on your face.
A. while
B. because
C. before
D. until
09. —Lucy, what about going camping if it ______ tomorrow?
—Sounds great!
A. didn’t rain
B. doesn’t rain
C. won’t rain
D. don’t rain
10. This is the primary school ______ I studied three years ago.
A. where
B. when
C. that
D. which
11. It’s interesting that there are many people ______ speak French in Canada.
A. which
B. where
C. who
D. what
12. Please pass me the cartoon book ______ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom
B. whose
C. who
D. which
13. —I want to find a partner to practice roller skating.
—My friend Fred is a person ______ may help you a lot.
A. which
B. so
C. who
D. and
14. —Now many people smoke and get ill.
—So we should do something ______ can help stop smoking.
A. what
B. who
C. /
D. that
15. I still remember the time ______ we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year.
A. when
B. what
C. who
D. which
16. One of the most delicious drinks ______ I like is orange juice.
A. which
B. that
C. whose
D. whom
17. Success will belong to those ______ never say “impossible”.
A. whom
B. what
C. who
D. which
18. —Do you enjoy My Heart will Go on?
—No, I prefer songs ______ loud.
A. that is
B. which is
C. that are
D. what are
19. If our government ______ attention to controlling food safety now, our health ______ in danger.
A. won’t pay; is
B. doesn’t pay; is
C. won’t pay; will be
D. doesn’t pay; will be
20. —What would you do if you ______ the traffic accident?
—I would ______.
A. see; do my housework first
B. saw; buy some fruit right away
C. see; call 110 at once
D. saw; call the police right away
答案
01-05 ADBAA 06-10 ABABA
11-15 CDCDD 16-20 BCCDD