初中英语语法24讲 第9讲（动词概说）

第9章 动词概说

在英语中，每个句子都必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。动词是一个句子的重心，因此从动词的变化可以看出该句是现在时、过去时还是将来时。所以，了解动词的时态，在英语学习中相当重要。另外，本章还将综述动词的种类、动词的基本形式、动词的时态，短语动词等内容，帮助同学们对动词有一个大致的了解。

典型例句：1.I am his elder sister.（我是他的姐姐。）

典型例句：2.You study English.（你学习英语。）

典型例句：3.The sun is red.（太阳是红的。）

说明：典型例句中的am，study，is是动词，study作句子的谓语；am，is和后面的表语一起担当谓语。

1.动词的种类

在英语中，动词可以分为以下几类：

1.行为动词

我们日常接触的大量动词都是行为动词，又可称为实义动词，如work，study，run，walk等。行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。

（1）及物动词

及物动词的后面要跟一个名词或代词等作它的宾语。

I want to see a film.（我想去看电影。）

（说明：see是一个及物动词，a film是动词see的宾语。）

Dick is watching TV.（迪克正在看电视。）

In fact,Scout doesn’t like her.（实际上，斯考特并不喜欢她。）

（2）不及物动词

不及物动词后面一定不能直接跟宾语，但不及物动词后往往跟上一个介词，构成一个短语结构，然后就可以跟一个介词宾语，实际上“不及物动词+介词”就相当于一个及物动词了。

She is looking at（不及物动词+介词）the picture.（宾语）（她正在看照片。）

说明：look是不及物动词，the picture是介词at的宾语。

Zhu Tao always laughs at（不及物动词+介词）his brother.（宾语）（朱涛总是嘲笑他的兄弟。）

必背：需要注意的是，不及物动词和不同的介词搭配，就构成了许许多多的词组来表达不同的意思，这些词组需要我们牢牢掌握。

（3）关于行为动词的注意事项

要注意，英语中很多动词既可以是及物动词，又可以是不及物动词。

Let’s begin.（咱们开始吧。）

We’ll begin our class in an hour.（一个小时后我们开始上课。）

说明：第一句中的begin是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语；第二句中的begin是及物动词，后面跟宾语our class。

注意：汉语中没有及物动词与不及物动词之分，很多同学初学英语时往往忽略了这点。而这一点恰恰是很重要的，只要掌握了它，就可以避免许多不该出现的错误。

2.系动词

汉语语法中并没有系动词这一概念，所以同学们在运用系动词时会感到困难。对于系动词，重要的是要掌握这一点：它不能单独作谓语，必须和其后的表语（由形容词、名词、动名词，不定式、介词短语及副词充当）一起构成合成谓语。

（1）常用的系动词

最常用的系动词是be，在句中有时译为“是”，有时不必译出。有一些动词既可以作行为动词，又可以作系动词，它们主要是表示感受的感官动词和表示“保持某种状态”或“变成某种状态”的词。学习时，要注意其后的表语部分。

The girl looks careful.（这个女孩看起来很细心。）

（look译为“看起来”，是系动词，与后面的形容词一起作表语）

The girl looks at the picture carefully.（这个女孩认真地看这幅画。）

（look为行为动词，是不及物动词，加一个介词at，从而构成短语动词，可以跟介词宾语）

He feels cold.（他觉得冷。）

Steel feels hard.（钢摸起来很硬。）

Silk feels soft and comfortable.（丝绸摸起来既柔软又舒服。）

（以上三句中的feel均是系动词，后面要跟形容词）

切记：

感官动词：look看起来；taste尝起来；smell闻起来；sound听起来；feel摸起来

表示状态的词：become变成；remain保持；keep保持；prove证明；get/turn/grow变得；appear/seem好像是

I feel the plane move strongly.（我觉得飞机在剧烈地振动。）

（此句中的feel是一个行为动词/实义动词）

（关于系动词后跟形容词的用法可参见（第6章 副词）中的形容词和副词的比较部分）

重要：“feel+...do/doing/done”意为“感觉到……正在/被”。

He felt his heart beating faster.（他感觉到他的心跳正在加快。）

（2）常用的系动词词组

词组：come true实现

Our dream has come true at last.（我们的梦想终于实现了。）

What Mary had hoped all came true.（玛丽希望实现的都实现了。）

说明：come在这里作系动词，有“达到/变成某种状态”的含义。

词组：get dressed穿衣服

He is old enough to get dressed himself.（他长大了，已经会自己穿衣服了。）

After Liu Gang got dressed,he had breakfast.（刘刚穿好衣服后，就吃早餐了。）

词组：get/be married结婚

What did you do before you got married?（你结婚之前做什么工作？）

Mary has been married for five years.（玛丽已经结婚5年了。）

词组：get/become lost迷失，迷路

Sorry.I’m late for the meeting.I became/got lost.（对不起，我开会迟到了，因为我迷路了。）

The little girl went for a walk and got lost.（小女孩出去散步，迷路了。）

词组：seem/appear to be似乎是……，好像……

The student seems to be a very kind and thoughtful person.

（这个学生似乎是个善良且体贴的人。）

It appears to be an excellent opportunity for Caroline to get more experience.

（对于卡罗琳来说，这似乎是一个获得更多经验的绝好的机会。）

说明：seem和appear的后面常常跟不定式to be。

（3）关于系动词后接表语的注意事项

绝大多数以a-开头的形容词常与系动词连用作表语，而不能作前置定语，但可以放在名词后面作后置定语。

He isn’t asleep.（他没睡着。）

The boy asleep is my little brother.（那个睡着了的小男孩是我弟弟。）

（一定不能用the asleep boy，但可以用the sleeping boy）

切记：以a-开头的常见形容词

3.助动词

助动词本身并没有意义，它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。英语中有些单词并不是固定的助动词，如动词be，have，do等在句子中与主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时，才担当起助动词的作用。

It is made in China.（它是中国制造的。）

（is是助动词，帮助主要动词made构成一般现在时的被动语态）

I haven’t had my breakfast yet.（我还没吃早饭呢。）

（have是助动词，帮助主要动词had构成现在完成时的否定句）

4.情态动词

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，认为“可能”“应当”“必要”等。情态动词有词义，但词义不完整，其后一定要跟不带to的动词不定式（即动词原形，ought to除外）。另外，情态动词没有人称和数的变化。

He can speak English.（他会说英语。）（主语是第三人称单数，也不能在can后加s）

He speaks English well.（他英语说得很好。）

（时态是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，行为动词speak后要加s）

补充：常用的情态动词

2.动词的基本形式

动词有以下几种基本形式：动词原形（即前面不带to的动词不定式形式）、动词第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

1.动词第三人称单数的构成

2.动词的过去式及过去分词的构成

（1）规则动词的变化

注意：词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]；在元音和浊辅音后读[d]；在辅音t，d后读[id]。

（2）不规则动词的变化（参见本章不规则动词变化表）

3.动词的现在分词的构成

注意：以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时，y不变，直接加上-ing。如：

play→playing；study→studying

3.动词的时态

1.动词时态概述

时态是表示动作与时间相互关系的语法范畴。正确使用时态能反映一个人的英语基本功。对中国学生来说，英语的时态是相当困难的一个语法项目，原因之一是中文动词没有时态形式的变化。也就是说，中文动词不是用词形的变化，而是用特定的词语，如：“现在”“将来”“过去”“正在”“经常”“了”“过”“已经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间，而动词本身并无变化。在英语中，则用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词表示动作的时间。

She reads newspapers every day.（她每天看报纸。）

（句子中有every day，所以用现在时）

She read the newspaper yesterday.（她昨天看过了这张报纸。）

（句子中有yesterday，所以用过去时）

She will read the newspaper tomorrow.（她明天看这张报纸。）

（句子中有tomorrow，所以用将来时）

She is reading the newspaper now.（她正在看报纸。）

（句子中有now，所以用现在进行时）

She has read the newspaper.（她已经读过这张报纸了。）

（句子中没有标识性的时间状语，但因为表示的是“过去的动作对现在的影响”，所以要用现在完成时）

2.动词十二种时态的形式

英语动词共有十六种时态，一般语法书列出的英语动词的十二种时态为“现在”“过去”和“将来”三大类；每类中又分为“一般”“进行”“完成”“完成进行”四种，共十二种，下面以study为例，列表说明。

注意：初中阶段最常用的时态有5种，即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。在下面的文章中，将分别讲述各种时态的具体用法。

不规则动词变化表

4.短语动词

动词加一个（或两个）介词或副词构成词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种词组叫短语动词或成语动词。英语里这种词组很多，而且非常有用。

Can you find out what time the plane leaves?（你能弄清楚飞机几点起飞吗？）

You should listen to the teacher if you want to learn well.

（如果你想学好的话，你必须注意听老师讲。）

Jane is looking after the baby.（简在照看这个宝宝。）

Be quiet!Try not to wake the little baby up.（安静！别把这个小宝宝吵醒了。）

Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！）

陷阱例题①

Don’t __________ the radio.The baby is sleeping.【北京中考】

句意提示：不要打开收音机，婴儿正在睡觉。

陷阱追击：本题考查根据上下文情景辨析动词词组，容易误选。

正确解析：turn off意为“关掉，使（某人）不高兴”；turn on意为“打开，启动”；turn over意为“打翻，移交给，变换电视频道”；turn down意为“拒绝，把……调低，关小”。根据题意可知，正确答案为B。

陷阱例题②

I’m interested in animals,so I __________ every Saturday working in an animal hospital.【北京中考】

句意提示：我对动物感兴趣，所以每个周六我都在一家动物医院工作。

陷阱追击：本题考查pay，get，take和spend这四个动词用法的区别，容易误选。

正确解析：在这四个动词中，只有spend常用于“spend...doing sth.”的句型中，意为“花费……做……”；pay常用于固定搭配“pay sb. for sth.”，表示“付钱给某人”；take的主语一般为it或物。正确答案为D。

陷阱追击③

A:How long have you __________ the motorbike? B:For about two weeks.【哈尔滨中考】

句意提示：A：你买摩托车多长时间了？B：大约两周了。

陷阱追击：本题结合上下文语境考查延续性动词和非延续性动词用法的区别，容易误选。

正确解析：延续性动词可以同一段时间连用，而非延续性动词则不可以。由题意可知是询问一段时间，在本题的四个选项中只有had是延续性动词。正确答案为B。

陷阱例题④

With the help of the Internet,news can __________ every corner of the world.【天津中考】

句意提示：有了互联网，新闻可以到达世界的各个角落。

陷阱追击：本题考查及物动词和不及物动词的用法区别，容易误选。

正确解析：arrive，go，get为不及物动词，需跟介词才能接地点名词，如arrive in/at，go to，get to。reach为及物动词，后面可直接连接地点，表示“到达……”。正确答案为B。

Final Check（实力测验）

1.选用下列动词的适当形式填空

1.The meat __________ terrible,so I think it has __________ bad.

2.Her face __________ red when she heard the news.

3.Your grandmother __________ pale.What’s wrong with her?

4.Our English teacher’s voice __________ like my mother’s.

5.It often rains in this season and the trees __________ fast.

6.The pizza your mother makes __________ delicious.

7.Everyone __________ very excited at the evening party.

8.The flowers in your garden __________ sweet.

9.Vegetables can __________ fresh in the fridge.

10.It is __________ late and dark.Let’s hurry.

11.In the old days,some poor people often __________ hungry.

12.For me ,English is __________ more and more interesting.

13.The soup that Mike made __________ terrible.

14.When little Tom lied to his teacher,she __________ extremely angry.

15.We all __________ tired after the picnic last night.

2.选择括号中的正确答案填空

1.I __________ (received;accepted) a present but I didn’t __________ (receive;accept) it.

2.Her mother __________ (allowed;agreed) her to go to the party.

3.I agree __________ (with;to) you and I agree __________ (with;to) the plan.

4.__________ (Work;Working) hard and you will succeed.

5.Great changes __________ (have taken;have been taken) place in our country in the past 30 years.

6.I have finished __________ (reading;to read) the novel.

7.I didn’t go to your party because he forgot __________ (to tell;telling) me.

8.I forgot __________ (posting;to post) the letter and looked for it everywhere.

9.The handsome young man __________ (married;married with) the girl last year.

10.I missed __________ (attending;attended) his lecture because I had to take care of my mom.

3.选用每组中合适的动词并用其正确形式填空

A.match，fit，suit

1.This shirt can __________ this suit.

2.This dress __________ me fine.

3.The coat __________ me well.It’s neither too big nor too small.

B.pay，take，spend，cost

1.Traveling around Paris by taxi can __________ a lot of money.

2.It __________ me half an hour to reach school every day.

3.I __________ two hours in drawing last night.

4.What a beautiful sweater!How much did you __________ for it?

5.It __________ me an hour to do my English homework yesterday.

6.I __________ an hour (in) doing my English homework yesterday.

7.It __________ around 3 hours (to get) from Beijing to Shenzhen.

8.A small number of students __________ two hours surfing the Internet every day.

C.lie（躺，lay，lain，lying），lie（说谎，lied，lied，lying），lay（放，laid，laid，laying）

1.She was ill and __________ in bed.

2.He __________ that he did the work all by himself.

3.She __________ her hand on my shoulder.

4.The man __________ on the ground and __________ that he had __________ the money on the table.

D.raise，rise

1.If you have any questions,please __________ your hands.

2.Every Monday morning,we __________ our national flag.

3.The sun __________ in the east and sets in the west.

4.She __________ from the table to greet her father.

KEYS:

1.

2.

3.

【课后作业】

1．Mary_______in the garden when it began to rain．

A．was walking B. walked

C．walking D．had walk

2．English___________in a new way at my college in the past few years．

A．has been teaching B. was being taught

C．has been taught D．had been taught

3．Smith is to study medicine as soon as he___________military service．

A．will finish B. has finished

C．finish D．would finish

4．Please be sure to telephone me the next time you_______.

A．will come B. would come

C．shall come D．come

5．When I got to the top of the mountain，the sun _________．

A．shone B．shines

C．has shone D．was shining

6．There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself____________．

A．hearing B. being heard

C．to hear D．heard

7．Retum the book immediately to the 1ibrary as soon as you_______with it.

A．finish B. are finished

C．have finished D．are finishing

8．Your experiment reports must be checked with care before________.

A．handed them in B. them handing in

C．being handed in D．handing them in

9．Let’s go to the cinema tonight．I________for you at the gate.

A. wait B. shall wait

C．am waiting D．shall have waited

10．The chemktry class______________for five minutes when we hurried there.

A．had been on B. was on

C．has been on D．would be on

11．By the time Juan gets home，her aunt_________.

A．will leave B. leaves

C．will have left D．is leaving

12． You’ve already missed too many classes this term．You_______two classes just last week.

A．missed B. would miss

C．had missed D．have missed

13．One of the guards__________when the general came in，which made him very angry．

A．has slept B．were sleeping

C．slept D．was sleeping

14．“Car 17 won the race”

“Yes, but its driver came close to_______killed．”

A. being B. having been C．be D．have been

15．About the sixth century A D when few Europeans could read，the Chinese_______ paper.

A．invented B. had invented

C．have invented D．had been invented

16．I __________on the door for ten minutes now without an answer．

A．was knocking B. an knocking

C．knocking D．have been knocking

17．Television makes us better___________than ever before.

A．inform B. informing

C．informed D．to be informed

18．Dr．Robert went to New York，bought some books and________.

A．visiting his daughter B. to visit his daughter

C．visit his daughter D．visited his daughter

19．The famous novel is said________into Chinese．

A．to have translated B．to be translate

C．to have been translated D．to translate

20．I___________writing the article by the time you get back．

A．shall finish B. must have finished

C. have finished D．shall have finished

答案

1—5．ACBDD 6—10．DCCBA 11—15．CADAB 16—20．DCDC

练习解析

1．本句意为：下雨时，玛丽正在花园里散步。“散步”这个持续动作是“开始下雨”这个瞬间动作发生的背景。应该用过去进行时。选A。

2．和in the past few years时间状语连用的是现在完成时，而且英语是“被教”应该用被动语态，所以选C。全句意为：在过去的几年里，在我的大学，老师用新的方法教英语。

3．as soon as+现在完成时表示将来完成时。选B。句意为：史密斯服完兵役后要学医。

4．next time在这里引导一个时间状语从句，表示“下次你来的时候”。同上，选D。

5．本句意为：当我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。“阳光灿烂”是持续性动作，作为一种背景，应该用过去进行时。选D。

6．make oneself heard是固定用法，表示“使某人自己被听到”。选D。

7．as soon as+现在完成时表示将来完成时。选C。句意为：你读完这本书后请立即把它还给图书馆。

8．本句意为：在上交你的试验报告之前，必须仔细检查。before在这里作介词，后面应该用动名词，而试验报告应该是被上交，因此要用动名词的被动形式。选C。

9．本句意为：咱们今天晚上去看电影吧。我在门口等你。根据句意，“在门口等”应该用将来时，选B。

10．本句意为：我们赶到那的时候，化学课已经开始五分钟了。“开始五分钟”应该在“赶到那”动作之前，也就是过去的过去，应该用过去完成时，选A。

11．本句意为：娟到家时，她的阿姨将已经走了。从时间状语从句by the time Juan gets home (gets，一般现在时)可以看出，“她的阿姨走”应该是发生在将来的动作，而且是她到的时候，她的阿姨应该已经走了，所以要用将来完成时。选C。

12．1ast week是过去的时间状语，应该用一般过去时。选A。

13．本句意为：将军进来的时候，一个士兵正在睡觉，这让将军非常生气。“睡觉”为持续性动作，要用过去进行时，选D。

14．come close to表示“接近，差一点”，其中to是介词，后面应该用动名词。本句意为：——17号车赢得了比赛。——是的，但司机差点死掉。kill应该用被动形式，表示“被杀死”。而且这里不强调“被杀死”的动作已经完成，所以排除B，应该选A。

15．本句意为：大约在公元六世纪，当欧洲人很少有人认字的时候，中国人已经发明了纸。“发明”在“认字”之前，也就是过去的过去，应该用过去完成时。选B。

16．本句意为：我已经敲了十分钟的门，但没人应答。“敲门”从过去延续到现在，共持续了十分钟，没有间断。应该用现在完成进行时，选D。

17．本句意为：电视使我们比以往任何时候消息更灵通。inform本意为“通知，告之”，在这里，电视应该使我们“被通知”，所以选C。

18．went，bought和visited应该是并列谓语。选D。

19．本句意为：这本著名的小说据说被翻译成了中文。应该是“已经被译成了中文”，所以选C。

20．从时间状语从句by the time you get back用一般现在时能看出，“你回来”应该是发生在将来的动作。到那时，“我将已经写完这篇文章了”，应该用将来完成时，选D。

动词的时态语态专项练习

一、根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. It is a fine day. The sun __________(shine) brightly.

2. They ___________(visit) the Science Museum next Sunday.

3. Mr Brown __________(live) in Beijing since he came to China.

4. Mr Wang ___________(teach) us English two years ago.

5. The Smiths _______________( watch) TV at this time last night.

6. We __________(learn) about ten English songs by the end of last term.

7. Father said that he ____________(buy) a new bike for me the next Friday.

8. Bill isn’t here. He ___________(chat) with his friends in the classroom.

9. The teacher said that the moon __________(go) round the earth.

10. The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it ____________(not rain) this Sunday.

11.It is said(据说) that the long bridge______________（build）in two months．

12. Jim asked us what ___________(happen) in China in 1976.

13. My mobile phone ___________(steal) on a bus last week.

14. The host ____________(interview) the little boy just now.

15. The Greens __________(watch) TV now.

16. He said that he _____________(ring) me up when he got there.

17. We ____________(learn) English for about three years.

18. My brother_____________(join) the League in 1997.

19. Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now．

20. The farmers __________(pick) apples when I saw them.

21. The film ____________(begin) when I got to the cinema.

22. The girl told me that she wanted to be an English teacher when she _____(grow) up.

23. My sister is a student and she _____________(study) at a middle school nearby.

24. Mr Green __________(travel) to several places in South China since he came here.

25. You _________(catch) the early bus if you get up early.

26. The lost boy_____________（not find）so far．

27. I’ll go home as soon as I ___________(finish) my homework.

28. Most science books _______________(write) in English.

29. Last year a large number of trees______________（cut）down.

30. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.

31. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital.

32. -What _______ knives ______ (make) of ?

-They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood.

二、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。

1. I was only four when my grandmother passes away.

2. Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene.

3. I have been practising for three weeks now, but I still couldn’t get used to it.

4. If you like your friends, you will enjoy every minute that you spent with them.

5. One day he was having a yard sale and the old man living next door come by to help.

6. This is the first time that I had been away from my family for such a long time.

7. We’ve been friends ever since we are at school together.

8. It will be a while before we will know the results.

9. Alice has returned to America and I don’t know when I see her again.

10. As was often the case, whenever I called Sam, he is talking on the phone.

11. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.

12. The teacher told us that the sun rose in the east.

13. Do you want to know why we move last week?

14. A talk on American culture will be giving in the school hall this weekend.

15.When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what have marked.

16. The soup was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it.

三、将下列各主动句改为被动句。

1. They pay us very badly._________________________________________________________

2. They offered me a pay rise._______________________________________________________

3. They are still discussing the same topic._____________________________________________

4. Someone was following us.______________________________________________________

5. They will lend us some money.____________________________________________________

6. They must have redecorated their house.____________________________________________

7. Nobody has seen her for the last two weeks._________________________________________

8. They advised us to buy a new car._________________________________________________

9. People say that he is a driver._____________________________________________________

10. They used to cut this material by hand, but now they use a machine.

_______________________________________________________________________________

四、阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。

Dear Jo,

Well, I 1_______(arrive) back safely two weeks ago. The flight was fine, but a bit long.

Everything here is very different from London. I 2_______(write) this letter outside in the garden. It is very hot today, so I’m sitting under a big umbrella. I know we 3______(have) some sunny days in London but there was also some rain. I remember we were caught in a heavy rain when we 4________(walk) in the park.

It 5_________(be) difficult for me to start work after my wonderful holiday, but it’s OK now. I 6_________(be) in a department since I came home and it’s interesting. Now I’m doing a new project and it 7________(finish) by the end of this month.

By the way, have you found a black leather photo album? I think I 8_______(leave) it in the bedroom. Could you send it to me sometime? No hurry.

Please write soon, and thank you again for a wonderful time.

Yours,

Chris

一、 填空

1. shines/ is shining 2. are going to/ will visit 3. has lived 4. taught 5. were watching

6. had learned 7. would buy 8. is chatting 9. goes 10. doesn"t rain 11.will be built

12. happened 13. was stolen 14. interviewed 15. are watching

16. would ring 17. have learned 18. joined 19. is being discussed 20. were picking

21. had begun 22. grew 23. studies 24. has traveled 25. will catch 26. hasn’t been found

27. finish 28. are written 29. were cut 30. are; told 31. must be sent

32. are; made; are made

二、改错

1. passes-passed 2. have-had 3. couldn’t-can’t 4. spent-spend 5. come-came

6. had-have或is-was 7. are-were 8. 去掉know前的will 9. 在see前加will 10. is-was

11. 划去been 12. rose-rises 13. move-moves 14. giving-given 15. marked前加been 16. 划去was

三、句型转换

1. We are paid very badly.

2. I was offered a pay rise./ A pay rise was offered to me.

3. The same topic is still being discussed.

4. We were being followed.

5. We will be lent some money./ Some money will be lent to us.

6. Their house must have been redecorated.

7. She has not been seen for the last two weeks.

8. We were advised to buy a new car.

9. He is said to be a driver./ It is said that he is a driver.

10. This material used to be cut by hand, but now a machine is used.

四、语篇填空

1. arrived 2 am writing 3. had 4. were walking 5. was 6. have been 7. will have been finished 8 left