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献给即将面临中考的广大学子英语专项复习策略(三)

句子大全 2022-11-17 05:04:01
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专题十一 简单句、并列句

简单句

(一)基本概念

只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子,称作简单句。在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干,是句子的核心。除了主语和谓语外,简单句中还可以有宾语、表语、补语、状语、定语等。

(二)句型结构简单句可归纳为五个基本句型。

1.主语+谓语这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,后面可以有其他成分修饰。

如:Things change. He smiles happily.

2.主语+连系动词+表语 这种句型称为主系表结构。

如:Mr. Smith is an artist. The hamburger tastes good.

注:表语位于系动词之后。常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当。

常见系动词有:

(1)表状态系动词---be 如:

He is a teacher. He is ill.

(2)持续系动词--用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,常见有keep, remain, stay,如:

He always kept silent。

(3)表像系动词--用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,如:

He looks tired.

He seems (to be) very sad.

(4)感官系动词---感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,如:

This kind of cloth feels very soft. That sounds interesting.

This flower smells very sweet. It tastes delicious.

(5)变化系动词--这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,等.。如:

He became mad after that. I get tired. She grew tall。

3. 主语+谓语+宾语 谓语一般多是及物动词。宾语有两种 :间接宾语和直接宾语

如:We like music.

I had eggs for breakfast.

4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

一般间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面,有时它们也可交换位置,这是需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词to 或for 。

如:He gave his sister the book.=He gave the book to his sister.

常见双宾结构:

可转换成带to结构的有:

bring sb. sth (bring sth to sb) give sb. sth (give sth to sb.) lend sb. sth (lend sth to sb) pass sb sth (pass sth to sb) return sb. sth (return sth to sb) send sb sth (send sth to sb) show sb sth (show sth. to sb.) tell sb sth (tell sth to sb ) write sb sth (write sth to sb )

可转换成带for结构的有:

buy sb sth (buy sth for sb ) do sb sth (do sth for sb ) get sb sth (get sth for sb )

make sb. sth (make sth for sb) pay sb. sth (pay sth for sb) sing sb sth (sing sth for sb )

5.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾补

宾语补足语常由形容词、名词、数词、介词短语、不带to的不定式或v+ing、V+ed等充当。

如:I found the book easy.(形容词easy作补语)

I"ll let him go.(不定式go用作补语)

(三) There be句型

1、结构:There be句型是一种主语后置的倒装句,常表示某处有某人或某物。

具体结构为:There be+人/物+其他+(地点)。

2、用法:

(1)、There be句型中动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的主语保持一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数形式。

如:There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

(2)、There be句型中的be 有各种时态,有时还会在be前插入情态动词。

如: There is going to be a meeting tonight.

There must be some flowers in the box.

(3)、There be句型可换成There come / go,以引起注意,加强语气。

如:There comes the bus.

(4)、 There be句型的否定句和疑问句变化主要是be之后加not和be提到there之前。

如:There isn’t any rain these days.

Are there any people in the room?

并列句

(一) 基本概念及构成

两个或两个以上的简单句用and, but, or, so等并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。

如: I like action movies but I don"t like thrillers.

Hurry up,or you"ll be late.

(二)连词用法

1、表并列关系的连词有and,both...and…两者都, as well as还有, not only...but (also)不但…而且…, neither...nor既不…也不…等。

如:Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.

She not only sings but also dances.

2、表转折关系的有but, however然而,while然而,still, yet然而等。

如:The film is not perfect, however, it"s good.

I like action movies but I don"t like thrillers.

I like tea while she likes coffee.(表对比)

3、表选择关系的有or, either...or...或者…或者…, not...but...不是…而是…等。

如:Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

Either Tom or his sisters are coming.

4、表因果关系的有for因为, so所以, because等。

如:I"d better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain.

The manager was ill so she didn’t go to work.

(三)特殊的并列句

1. 祈使句+ and +一般将来时的句子

2. 祈使句 + or + 一般将来时的句子

专题十二 祈使句、感叹句

一、祈使句

(一)、祈使句的结构及用法

祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句点。

1. 肯定的祈使句

(1)动词原形+其他

如: Stand up, please. = Please stand up. 请起立。

但有时会在句首加上主语或加呼语,以便指明是向谁提出请求或发出命令。呼语常与句子隔开,动词仍然用原形。

如: Mary, clean the windows!And you boys,wash the floor!

(2)Be + adj.

如:Be careful! = Look out! = Take care!

(3)Let"s + 动词原形

如:Let’s go to school together.

2. 否定的祈使句

(1) Don"t + 动词原形

如: Don"t stand up. Don"t be careless. Don"t let them play with fire.

(2) Let"s ( let sb ) + not + 动词原形

如: Let"s not say anything about it.

3.祈使句的反意疑问句

(1) 肯定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分用will you 或won"t you。

如: Please open the door, will/ won’t you?

(2) 否定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分只用will you。

如: Don"t be late again, will you?

(3) 以let"s开头的祈使句反意疑问句反问部分用shall we,let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分应为will you或won"t you.

如:Let us stay here, will/ won"t you?

Let"s turn on the TV, shall we?

4. 特殊形式的祈使句。祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、副词、动词短语等表示。如:Help! Patience! Quickly! Hands up!

5. 祈使句的强调形式。有时为了加强语气,可以再动词前加上do,表示“务必,一定”。

如:Do be careful!

(二)、祈使句用于两个重要句型中

1.“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。

2.“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or(else)表示“否则;要不然”。

如:Hurry up , and you’ll catch the train. (=If you hurry up,you’ll catch the train.)

Hurry up,or you’ll miss the train.(=If you don’t hurry up,you’ll miss the train.)

二、感叹句

(一)感叹句的结构及用法

感叹句是抒发强烈感情的句子,如欢乐、兴奋、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤等,书面语中句末用感叹号。常由what或者how引导,都表示“多么”。

1、what引导的感叹句what修饰名词或名词短语,有以下两种形式:

(1)What+a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)!

如: What a nice girl (she is)!

What an interesting movie(it is)!

(2)What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+(主语+谓语)!

如:What kind women they are!

What nice music/bad weather/good news(it is)!

2、how引导的感叹句how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构有:

(1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!

如:How hard the workers work!

How clever the girl is!

注意:当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。

如:How fast the runner runs!

(2)How +形容词+ a +名词+ 主语+谓语。

如:How clever a boy he is!

(二)特殊形式的感叹句

1、在口语中常用省略句,有时只用一个词或词组。

如:Great ! How cold ! Look out! What a fool! What a pity! My goodness!

2、Here/There开头的感叹句:

(1).Here/There+主语(代词)+谓语

如:Here he comes!

(2).Here/There+谓语+主语(名词)

如:Here comes the bus!

专题十三 宾语从句

一、什么是宾语从句

在句中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句,宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。

二、宾语从句的引导词

1、 that 无实意,用来引导陈述句的宾语从句,口语中常省略。例如:

She told me that she had been to Hong Kong twice.

她告诉我她去过香港两次。

I know(that)the visitors are from Australia.我知道这些游客来自澳大利亚。

2、if或whether这两个词是“是否”的意思,主要用来引导一般疑问句或选择问句的宾语从句,口语中多用if,不能省略。例如:

He asked me if / whether I had been to Beijing twice.

他问我是否去过北京两次。

She wanted to know whether I would go there or not.

她想知道我是否想去那里。

3、疑问词when ,where,who,how等,这类词通常引导特殊疑问句的宾语从句。例如:

Can you tell me how I can find Mr Wang?

你能告诉我怎样才能找到王先生吗?

Please find out who broke the window.请查一下是谁打烂窗户的。

三、宾语从句的语序

凡是从句都必须使用“主语在前,谓语在后”的陈述语序,宾语从句也不例外,也就是说宾语从句的语序必须是“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”。例如:

误:Could you tell me where is the bus station?

正:Could you tell me where the bus station is?

四、宾语从句的时态一致

1、 当主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,从句可以根据需要选择相应的时态,不受主句的影响;主句为一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态。例如:

I want to know what time he ate his breakfast.

我想知道他今天早晨几点钟吃早饭的。

They will tell us that they have been able to look after themselves.

他们将会告诉我们他们已经能照顾自己了。

I asked what my father was doing then.

我问那时我爸爸在干什么?

2、 当宾语从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象是,宾语从句的时态不受主句的时态的影响,仍然用一般现在时。如:

He said the moon moves round the earth.

他说月亮围着地球转。

She asked whether light travels faster than sound.

她问光速是否比声速快。

五、宾语从句的简化

由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句中的主语与主句的主语或宾语相同时常常可以将宾语从句简化成“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构。有时候由that引导的宾语从句也可以用动词不定式或者动词的ing形式来简化。如:

Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?

= Can you tell me how to get to the post office?

She don’t know whether she should go there with them or not.

= She don’t know whether to go there with them or not.

He can remember that he has climbed the tall tree.

= He can remember climbing the tall tree.

六、宾语从句的否定转移及其它

1、当I think/believe/guess等一些看法的词后面所接的宾语从句是否定句时,习惯上否定主句,采用“I don’t think/believe/guess+肯定形式的宾语从句”这种结构来表达。如:

我认为明天她不会来。

误:I think that she won’t come tomorrow.

正:I don’tthink that she will come tomorrow.

2、 对I think/believe/guess等动词后面所接的宾语从句进行划线部分提问时,要用“疑问词+do you think /believe/guess+宾语从句的剩余成分?”这种结构来表达。如:

你认为谁将在会上发言?

误:Do you think who will speak at the meeting?

正:Who do you think will speak at the meeting?

专题十四 定语从句

一、什么是定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

二、定语从句的关系词

一般情况下,如果先行词表示人的名词或代词时,关系词应用who,whom或that。who和that在从句中可以作主语或宾语;whom在从句中作宾语。

whose在从句中常作主语的定语,通常指人,也可以指物,表示“谁的……”.。

先行词如果是表示物的名词或代词时,用that或which均可,但有些情况只能用that,有些情况只能用which。

三、在下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词多用that

1. 当先行词为all,something,anything等不定代词时用that。如:

You should tell me all(that)you have know about.

你因该把你所知道的情况告诉我。

Here is something that my father needs.

这正是我父亲所需要的东西。

2. 当先行词被every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时,用that。如:

He has spent all the money that his father gave him.

他已经把父亲给他的钱都花掉了。

Tom tried every means that he could do to finish the job on time but he failed.

为了完成工作,汤姆想尽了一切办法,但他还是失败了。

3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时,用that。如:

This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.

这是我这个月收到我妹妹的第二封信。

Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我看过的最好的影片之一。

4. 先行词被only, very, same, last等词修饰时,用that。如:

This is the only book that you can read in these few days.

这是你最近几天能看的唯一一本书了。

That is the very magazine that he is looking for .

那正是他要找的那本杂志。

4. 在限制性定语从句中关系代词作表语时应用that。如:

The distance that you are from home is immaterial.

你离家的距离是微不足道的。

6. 当主语中已出现which而为了避免重复时使用that。如:

Which is the book that you need?

你需要的是哪一本书呢?

7. 当先行词既有人,又有物时,引导词只用that。如:

He can see two boys and some trees that are at a distance of five hundred meters.

他看见在五百米外有两个男孩和一些树。

四、在下列情况中则多用which

1. 非限制性定语从句多用which。如:

Canada, which is in North America, is the second largest country in the world.

位于北美洲的加拿大是世界第二大国。

2. 介词之后的定语从句多用which。如:

This is the stamp for which he is looking.

这正是他要找的那枚邮票。

3.“those+复数名词”之后的定语从句,用which。如:

A supermarket should keep a stock of those goods which sell well.

商场应储存一些销量好的商品。

4.定语从句离先行词较远时,用which。如:

My grandmother gave me a gift of great value on my birthday which I liked very much.

在我生日的那一天,我奶奶给了我一件非常珍贵的礼物,我非常喜欢它。

5. 先行词为代词that时,为避免重复,其后的定语从句的引导词多用which(非正式英语也用that)。如:

He told me that which I had told you before.

他告诉我的是以前我曾经给你说过的那件事。

五、在下列情况下,关系代词一般用who(指人)

1. 非限制性定语从句中,用who。如:

Lincoln,who was murdered at a theatre in Washington,D.C.,died on April 15,1865.

林肯在首都华盛顿的一家剧院被人暗杀,于1865年4月15日去世。

2. 当不定代词everybody(everyone),anybody(anyone),all one,ones等为先行词时,关系代词一般用who。如:

One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed.

不努力的人永远不会成功的。

Is there anybody who can swim across the river?

有人能游过这条河吗?

3.当先行词为those或people时,关系代词一般用who.

Those who want to see the exhibition must sign their names here.

要看这个展览的人必须在这里签名。

People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.

有时候,眼睛看得见的人也会做同样的傻事。

4.在被分割开来的定语从句中,先行词为人时,关系代词一般用who,如:

I met a boy at the English Corner yesterday who can speak English fluently.

昨天,我在英语角上遇到一个能讲一口流利英语的男孩。

5.在以there be 开头的存在句型中,先行词为人,关系代词一般用who.如:

There was an old lady who wanted to see you at the gate just now.

刚才大门口有一位老妇人有事找你。

专题十五 状语从句

状语从句的定义用来修饰动词和形容词,以表明动作发生或状态存在的时间,地点,原因等等的句子叫做状语从句。

状语从句的分类

一、时间状语从句

时间状语从句表示时间,引导词有:when, while, as, till, until before, after, since等。

时间状语从句的引导词所表示的意思不尽相同,要注意把握不同引导词所表示的不同时间关系,以及它在具体句子中对应的时态、语态等问题。

注意:as(在……时候,因为),since(自从,因为),它们可以引导时间从句,并强调主句和从句的动作同事发生。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:

(1)While my mother was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.(read是延续性的动词,read和watch同事发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)

(2)when(当……的时候),引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是瞬间动词。从句动作可与主语动作同事发生,也可在其后发生。

I was reading a book when she came into my room.(come是瞬间动词,只能用when引导,不能用while)

I often missed my home when(while) I lived in NewYork.(live是延续性动词,when可用while代替)

(3)when和while的区别还在于:while引导的时间状语从句多用于进行时态,而when引导的时间状语从句多用于一般时态。

While they were talking, the bell rang.正在他们谈话的时候,上课铃响了。

(4)as译作 “一边……一边”、“随着……”,侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。有时可与when,while通用。

We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)

As you grow, you will know more and more。随着年龄的增长,你会懂得越来越多。

2.till或until引导的时间状语从句

till,until(直到……才):一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。till不可以在句首,而until可以放在句首。

注意:如果主句中的的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:

I didn’t go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。(go to bed 是瞬间动词,主句用否定形式)

I talked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止

I didn"t work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作

Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前等我。

3.since引导的时间状语从句

Since(自从):引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,也可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动作用现在完成时。但在It is+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:

I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?

It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 我们老板离开北京有五个月了。

4.由before和after引导的时间状语从句

注意:(1)before(在……之前):引导的从句不再用否定的谓语。

(2)当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时。则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。

(3)after(在……之后):表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。如果主句用的是过去时,则从句多用过去完成时。例如:

It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived. 我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

After we had finished the work, we went home. 完成工作之后,我们回家了(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)

5.由as soon as ,immediately, directly ,instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute,等引导的时间状语从句:这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:

I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。

The moment I heard the news, I went to the school. 我一听到消息,马上赶到了学校。

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。

注意 hardly(scarcely,rarely)……when,before,no sooner …than相当于 as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时态。当hardly,scarcely, rarely和 no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:

Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in ,我刚坐下,他就进来了。

二、原因状语从句

原因状语从句表原因,常见的引导词有:because(因为),since(既然),as(既然),for(因为)

1.becausey引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后,because表示直接原因,语气最强,回答why引导的疑问句必须使用because。

I do it because I like it..

——Why didn’t he come yesterday?

——Because he had something important to do.

注意 “not……because” 结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句,例如:The country is not strong because it is large.国强不在大.

2.Since引导的原因状语从句一般位于主句之前,表示已知的、显然的理由。通常被翻译成“既然”,较为正式,语气比because弱。。

Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics,既然今天你休息,你最好帮我补习数学。

3.as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”,语气比since弱,较正式,位置较灵活,常放于主句之前。

As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi,既然在下雨,你最好乘出租汽车。

4. for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,只提供一些辅助性的补充说明,for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。

He could not have seen me, for I was not there.他不可能见过我,因为我不在那里。

三、条件状语从句

引导条件句常用的连词有if(如果),unless(如果不,除非)等,条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样,表示将来要用一般现在时态。

We won’t let you in unless you show your pass.

If you fail again this time,what will you do?

(1)if引导的条件状语从句表示将来时,要用一般现在时代替,主句仍使用一般将来时态。

(2)将if引导的宾语从句和状语从句进行混淆考查,宾语从句中的if表示“是否”,可以使用一般将来时。

四、让步状语从句

让步状语从句表示“虽然,即使,尽管”。引导词有although,though,even though, even if都表示“虽然,即使,尽管”之意。主句中不能用but,但可用yet、

Though和although语气较弱(其中的though比although通俗,不如although正式),even if和even though带有强调意味而显得语气更强。例如:

Although they are poor ,they are happy yet.虽然他们很穷,但很快乐

The article is very important though it is short.那篇文章虽然很短,但很重要。

Even though it was raining, she walked to work.即使下雨,她也是走着去工作的。

I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes.今晚我将去拜访他,即使我只能停留一小会儿。

注意though引导的让步状语从句的用法比较特殊,它可以倒装,也可以不倒装。

五、地点状语从句

地点状语从句常由where和wherever引导,通常可置于主句之前或之后。

如:We should go where(ver) we are most needed,我们要去最需要我们的地方。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成。

六、目的状语从句

目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that 引导,所引导的从句通常放在主句后面。目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might),can (could),shall ,will 等情态动词。

如:He always takes a seat in the first row so that/in order that he can hear better.

= In order that he can hear better, he always takes a seat in the first row.为了听得更清楚,他总是坐前排的座位。

七、结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so that, so…that, such…that等引导,放在主句之后,so…that与such…that句型在一定条件下可转换。

如:He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.

= He made so excellent a speech that everyone admired him.

他的演讲如此精彩以至于每个人都很钦佩他。

注意 so that 引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的辨别

so that从句之前有个逗号的常为结果状语从句,因表示某一行为带来的结果,从句中的时态常为过去式;

so that从句中有may(might),can(could),should, will等情态动词的通常是目的状语从句。

如:I wrote as clearly as possible, so that I got high marks.(目的)我尽可能地写清楚些,这样可以得高分。

He went to the lecture early so that he could get a good seat.(目的)他很早就去听报告了,以便可以找到一个好座位。

He went to the lecture early, so that he got a good seat.(结果)他很早就去听报告了,这样他就找到一个好座位。

八、比较状语从句

1.比较状语从句常由as…as,not so(as),than引导。比较从句部分常为省略句。

如:His brother is as handsome as he (is)/him.(非正式英语中可用宾格him)他弟弟和他一样英俊。

He swims faster than any other student in his class(does).他比班上其他任何人都游得快。

2.通常把the more…the more…结构也归为比较从句,意为:“越…越”。

如:The harder you work, the greater progress you’ll make.你越努力学习,就会取得越大的进步。

The less she worried, the better she worked.她担心得越少,就工作得越好。

九、方式状语从句

1.方式状语从句常由(just)as(像…),as if/though(好像)引导,表示动作的方式。

如:Do exactly as the doctor says.一定要按照大夫的话去做。

He walked slowly as if/though he had hurt his leg.他慢慢地走着,仿佛是腿受了伤。

注:在非正式问题中有时会用like代替as引导方式从句。

2.as if/though引导的状语从句,若描述非事实情况,常用虚拟语气,若描述的是实际情况,用陈述语气。

如:She treats the orphan as if/though he was her own child.她对待孤儿就像是她自己的孩子一样。(他是孤儿,当然就不是她亲生孩子,故用虚拟语气。)

It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起来天像是要下雨了。(本句用的是陈述语气,说明天真象是要下雨了。)

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